Quantifying and visualizing the 15-Minute walkable city concept across Europe: a multicriteria approach

The disruptions associated with health and energy crisis have emphasized the need for hyperlocal cities. However, in Europe, a tool to measure the efficiency of land use and accessibility planning for localizing urban mobility is missing. In this paper, we construct a comparable 15-Minute-Walking City (15-MWC) index that assesses the walking performance of 121 European metropolitan areas and seven amenity types. The data are combined equally following the PROMETHEE II multicriteria approach to assign a final score and to present a ranking of 15-Minutes cities. The main visualization demonstrates European-level disparities and indicates that most of leading cities are in Germany, while most of the worst performers are in the UK. We also reveal a statistically significant difference in 15-MWC performance due to their GDP per capita disparities. The empirical results may serve as a referencing tool for cross-city comparisons and may support policymakers when designing transport and city-planning strategies.

健康与能源危机引发的各类动荡凸显了超本地化城市的发展必要性。然而在欧洲地区，目前仍缺乏一款可用于评估城市机动化出行本地化所需的土地利用效率与可达性规划的工具。本文构建了一款可横向比较的15分钟步行城市（15-Minute-Walking City，简称15-MWC）指数，用于评估欧洲121个大都市区的步行出行表现，并覆盖7类公共服务设施类型。本文采用PROMETHEE II多准则决策法对各类数据进行等权融合，以生成最终评分并完成15分钟步行城市的排名。核心可视化结果展现了欧洲全域的发展差异：表现最优的多数城市集中于德国，而表现最差的城市则大多位于英国。研究还发现，各城市的15分钟步行城市表现与其人均GDP水平差异存在统计学意义上的显著差异。本研究的实证结果可作为跨城市对比的参考工具，亦能为政策制定者制定交通与城市规划策略提供支撑。