Series of Azido and Fused-Tetrazole Explosives: Combining Good Thermal Stability and Low Sensitivity

The introduction of azido groups into the energetic skeleton has the advantages of increasing the energy level. In this work, a series of azido compounds with good stability and low sensitivity as well as tetrazole-fused compounds based on energetic salts are synthesized. The detonation pressures and velocities of these new compounds fall in the ranges of 18.9–27.3 GPa and 7153–8450 m s–1, respectively. The detonation velocity of the tetrazole-fused compounds based on the potassium salts 3, 6, and 7 are 7810, 7153, and 7989 m s–1, respectively. Also, their decomposition temperatures (244, 237, and 240 °C, respectively) are higher than that of traditional explosive RDX (204 °C). Notably, two representative compounds 2 and 5 possess higher decomposition temperature (2: 196 °C and 5: 178 °C) and overall detonation properties (2: D = 8129 m s–1 and P = 26.6 GPa and 5: D = 8336 m s–1 and P = 27.3 GPa) as well as relativity lower sensitivities (2: IS = 12 J and FS = 240 N and 5: IS = 10 J and FS = 144 N) than that of primary explosive 2-diazo-4,6-dinitrophenol (Td = 157 °C, D = 6900 m s–1, P = 24.7 GPa, IS = 1 J, and FS = 24.7 N). Moreover, the initiation capacity of compounds 2 and 5 was also assessed through the initiation tests. The results indicate that the two compounds could be a promising environmentally friendly primary explosive.

将叠氮基团（azido groups）引入含能骨架（energetic skeleton）可有效提升能量水平。本研究合成了一系列兼具良好稳定性与低感度的叠氮类化合物，以及基于含能盐（energetic salts）的四唑稠合类化合物（tetrazole-fused compounds）。经测试，这些新型化合物的爆压与爆速分别处于18.9–27.3 GPa、7153–8450 m·s⁻¹区间。其中，基于钾盐3、6、7的四唑稠合类化合物的爆速分别为7810、7153和7989 m·s⁻¹，其分解温度分别为244、237和240 ℃，均高于传统炸药黑索金（RDX，204 ℃）。值得注意的是，两款代表性化合物2与5具备更高的分解温度（化合物2：196 ℃，化合物5：178 ℃）与综合爆轰性能（化合物2：爆速D=8129 m·s⁻¹，爆压P=26.6 GPa；化合物5：爆速D=8336 m·s⁻¹，爆压P=27.3 GPa），同时感度相对更低（化合物2：撞击感度IS=12 J，摩擦感度FS=240 N；化合物5：撞击感度IS=10 J，摩擦感度FS=144 N），各项性能均优于起爆药重氮二硝基苯酚（2-diazo-4,6-dinitrophenol），该起爆药的分解温度Td=157 ℃，爆速D=6900 m·s⁻¹，爆压P=24.7 GPa，撞击感度IS=1 J，摩擦感度FS=24.7 N。此外，本研究通过起爆测试评估了化合物2与5的起爆能力，结果表明这两款化合物有望成为环境友好型起爆药。