Bee behaviour and artificial flower data from: 'Bumblebees learn to use peripheral taste to predict the presence of nectar in flowers'

<b>Abtract</b>Learning cues such as tastes associated with palatable food is an important mechanism animals have for foraging optimally. Insects can use gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) in their mouthparts to detect nutrients and toxins, but they also taste compounds using sensilla on peripheral organs such as their antennae. Bees are adept at learning to associate floral traits with the presence of nectar rewards, but few studies have examined how they incorporate gustatory information from their antennae with rewards. Here, we characterize the ability of adult worker bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) to taste sugar, salt, and bitter compounds using their antennae and then tested whether they could use this sensory information to associate it with food. We show that bumblebees have antennal GRNs sensitive to sugars, salts, and bitter compounds and that they can use surface chemistry differences detected by their periphery to learn about the presence or absence of flower rewards in a free-flight assay. Naïve bumblebees showed no instinctual preferences toward or against any surface chemistry tested. Bumblebees performed best when sucrose surface cues were associated with sucrose reward, but they could learn to associate any cue with the presence or absence of sucrose solution. Interestingly, the bees found it more difficult to associate quinine surface chemistry with the presence of reward than its absence. These results indicate that bees have the potential to learn to associate another floral trait – chemicals on the surfaces of petals - with the quality of floral rewards.<b>Guide for Use</b><br>Raw data, data plotted in figures as well as the annotated <i>R</i><i> </i>code and csv data files necessary to generate graphical figures and repeat analysis of disc analysis and bee behaviour data from “Bumblebees can use peripheral taste of surfaces as foraging cue” can be found in this data repository. Full details on data collection are available in that publication.<br>In this repository you will find 4 '.zip' files. These zip files contain csv data files, images and <i>R</i> code as appropriate. Along with each zip. file you will find a pdf 'instructions' file. this pdf provides further details on the corresponding zip file contents and use. These zip and pdf files are as follows:'Disc spectrometry.zip' &amp; 'Instructions for disc spectrometry.pdf''Disk SEM.zip' &amp; 'Instructions for Disc SEM.pdf''Surface Preference.zip' &amp; 'Instructions for Surface Preference.pdf''Surface DiffCon.zip' &amp; 'Instructions for surface diffcon.pdf'<br><br>

<b>摘要</b>学习与美味食物相关的味觉等线索是动物实现最优觅食的重要机制。昆虫可利用口器中的味觉感受神经元（GRNs）检测营养物质和毒素，同时也能通过触角等外周器官上的感觉毛感知化合物。蜜蜂善于学习将花部特征与花蜜奖励的存在关联起来，但很少有研究探讨它们如何将触角的味觉信息与奖励结合。本文首先表征成年工蜂熊蜂（Bombus terrestris）利用触角感知蔗糖、盐和苦味化合物的能力，然后测试它们是否能利用这些感官信息与食物建立关联。研究发现，熊蜂触角的GRNs对蔗糖、盐和苦味化合物敏感，且它们能利用外周检测到的表面化学差异，在自由飞行实验中了解花朵奖励的存在与否。未经过训练的熊蜂对所测试的任何表面化学均无本能偏好。当蔗糖表面线索与蔗糖奖励关联时，熊蜂表现最佳，但它们也能学会将任何线索与蔗糖溶液的存在与否关联。有趣的是，熊蜂将奎宁表面化学与奖励存在关联比与奖励缺失关联更困难。这些结果表明，蜜蜂具有学习将花瓣表面化学这一额外花部特征与花朵奖励质量关联起来的潜力。<b>使用指南</b>"熊蜂可利用外周表面味觉作为觅食线索"一文中的原始数据、图表绘制数据以及生成图形、重复盘分析和熊蜂行为数据分析所需的带注释的R代码和csv数据文件均可在本数据仓库中找到。数据收集的完整细节见该出版物。本仓库包含[number]个".zip"文件，这些压缩文件包含相应的csv数据文件、图像和R代码。每个zip文件旁均附有一个名为"instructions"的pdf文件，该pdf文件提供了对应zip文件内容及使用方法的进一步详情。这些zip和pdf文件如下：'Disc spectrometry.zip' & 'Instructions for disc spectrometry.pdf'、'Disk SEM.zip' & 'Instructions for Disc SEM.pdf'、'Instructions for Surface Preference.pdf' & 'Instructions for Surface Preference.pdf'、'Surface DiffCon.zip' & 'Instructions for surface diffcon.pdf'