Significance of Cu-Fe3O4 on fractional Maxwell fluid flow over a cone with Newtonian heating

The goal of this research is to investigate fractional Maxwell hybrid nanofluids utilizing partial differential equations in terms of Caputo time fractional derivatives. Specifically, the effect of Newtonian heating on the thermal performance of a fractional Maxwell hybrid nanofluid moving over a permeable cone in the presence of thermal radiation and heat generation is considered. The Crank–Nicolson method and L1 algorithmt of Caputo derivative are used to find numerical solutions to the considered nonlinear problem. The effects of significant flow factors on fluid properties are examined and illustrated in various graphs. According to the results, the thermal performance of the fluid raised by 0.4%, 6.1%, and 3.1% on adding 4% volume fraction of Fe3O4, Cu, and Cu−Fe3O4, respectively, in the base fluid.

本研究旨在借助基于卡普托时间分数阶导数（Caputo time fractional derivatives）的偏微分方程，对分数阶麦克斯韦杂化纳米流体（fractional Maxwell hybrid nanofluids）展开探究。具体而言，本研究考察了热辐射与生热共存条件下，牛顿加热（Newtonian heating）对流经可渗透锥面的分数阶麦克斯韦杂化纳米流体热性能的影响。研究采用克兰克-尼科尔森方法（Crank–Nicolson method）与卡普托导数的L1算法（L1 algorithm），对所涉及的非线性问题求解数值解。针对各类关键流动参数对流体特性的影响进行分析，并通过多组图表进行可视化呈现。结果表明，在基础流体中分别添加4%体积分数的四氧化三铁（Fe3O4）、铜（Cu）以及铜-四氧化三铁（Cu−Fe3O4）时，流体的热性能分别提升0.4%、6.1%与3.1%。