Illustration of outcome of the analysis.

Background
Covid-19 is one of the worst crises in modern working life with a direct negative impact on many enterprises and organizations. The aim of this study is to explore what managers in Small Scale Enterprises (SSEs) changed in their business during the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly addressing health issues.
Methods
A longitudinal qualitative research methodology was used, interviewing 16 managers of SSEs in the Norwegian and Swedish manufacturing and service sector both before (round 1) and during the pandemic (round 2). In this approach, time is designed into the research process, making change a key focus for analysis.
Results
The analysis resulted in two main themes, resilience and demanding occupational health and safety conditions, and five sub-themes. Results show how managers in SSEs changed their business during the Covid-19 pandemic and the impact of these changes. Although, the enterprises were heavily affected in the beginning of the pandemic, several managers found new solutions for their businesses to maintain and reach new customers. They applied a socially responsible management which addressed different health issues.
Conclusion
Crises like the Covid-19 pandemic will have future impact on SSEs making it important to understand how managers in such enterprises address business and health issues. This knowledge may have practical implications for supporting managers in SSEs in how to perform a socially responsible management and maintain occupational health and safety measures. The managerial implications from this research are that they need to be flexible, reorientable and, at the same time, be loyal to the core business. This study shows the importance of doing longitudinal studies about business and health issues among mangers in SSEs.

研究背景
新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）是现代职场史上最严峻的危机之一，对众多企业与组织机构均造成了直接的负面影响。本研究旨在探究小型企业（Small Scale Enterprises, SSEs）的管理者在新冠疫情期间对其经营模式所做出的调整，尤其聚焦于健康相关议题。

研究方法
本研究采用纵向质性研究方法，分别在疫情爆发前（第一轮调研）与疫情期间（第二轮调研），对挪威与瑞典制造业及服务业的16名小型企业管理者开展访谈。该研究设计将时间维度纳入研究流程，使经营变革成为分析的核心焦点。

研究结果
本研究的分析提炼出两大核心主题：经营韧性与严苛的职业健康安全环境，以及五个子主题。结果展现了小型企业管理者在新冠疫情期间如何调整经营模式，以及这些调整带来的影响。尽管疫情初期各企业均遭受了严重冲击，但不少管理者为维系业务、拓展新客户群体找到了全新解决方案，他们践行了兼顾各类健康议题的社会责任式管理模式。

研究结论
此类新冠疫情级别的危机将对小型企业产生长期影响，因此理解此类企业的管理者如何应对经营与健康议题具有重要意义。该研究成果可为小型企业管理者提供实践参考，帮助其践行社会责任式管理并落实职业健康安全举措。本研究的管理启示在于，管理者需兼具灵活性与转型调整能力，同时坚守核心业务。本研究凸显了针对小型企业管理者开展经营与健康议题纵向研究的重要性。