Table_3_Deep incorporation of organic amendments into soils of a ‘Calardis Musqué’ vineyard: effects on greenhouse gas emissions, vine vigor, and grape quality.xlsx

BackgroundTraditional wine growing regions are increasingly endangered by climatic alterations. One promising approach to mitigate advancing climate change could be an increase of soil organic matter. Here, especially subsoils are of interest as they provide higher carbon storage potential than topsoils. In this context, vineyard subsoils could be particularly suitable since they are deeply cultivated once before planting and afterwards, left at rest for several decades due to the perennial nature of grapevines.
MethodsFor this purpose, a biochar compost substrate and greenwaste compost were incorporated in up to 0.6 m depth before planting a new experimental vineyard with the fungus-resistant grapevine cultivar ‘Calardis Musqué’. The influence of this deep incorporation on greenhouse gas emissions and grapevine performance was evaluated and compared to a non-amended control using sensor-based analyses.
ResultsIncreased CO2 emissions and lower N2O emissions were found for the incorporation treatments compared to the control, but these differences were not statistically significant due to high spatial variability. Only few plant traits like chlorophyll content or berry cuticle characteristics were significantly affected in some of the experimental years. Over the course of the study, annual climatic conditions had a much stronger influence on plant vigor and grape quality than the incorporated organic amendments.
DiscussionIn summary, organic soil amendments and their deep incorporation did not have any significant effect on greenhouse gas emissions and no measurable or only negligible effect on grapevine vigor, and grape quality parameters. Thus, according to our study the deposition of organic amendments in vineyard subsoils seems to be an option for viticulture to contribute to carbon storage in soils in order to mitigate climate change.

背景
传统葡萄酒产区正日益受到气候变化的威胁。缓解日益加剧的气候变化的一种可行途径，或是提升土壤有机质含量。其中，底土层（subsoil）尤为值得关注，因其相较于表土层（topsoil）具备更高的碳封存潜力。在此背景下，葡萄园底土层或许尤为适用：因为在种植前会被深耕一次，之后由于葡萄藤为多年生植物，其底土层会闲置数十年之久。

方法
为此，本研究在新建实验葡萄园前，将生物炭堆肥基质（biochar compost substrate）与绿化废弃物堆肥（greenwaste compost）施入深度可达0.6米的土层中，供试葡萄品种为抗真菌葡萄品种‘Calardis Musqué’。本研究采用基于传感器的分析方法，评估该深层施入方式对温室气体排放与葡萄藤生长表现的影响，并与未施加改良剂的对照组进行对比。

结果
与对照组相比，施入改良剂的处理组CO₂排放升高、N₂O排放降低，但由于空间变异性较高，这些差异未达到统计学显著性水平。仅少数植物性状（plant traits），如叶绿素含量或浆果角质层（berry cuticle）特征，在部分试验年份中受到显著影响。在整个研究周期内，年度气候条件对葡萄生长势与葡萄品质的影响，远大于施加的有机改良剂。

讨论
综上，土壤有机改良剂及其深层施入方式对温室气体排放无显著影响，对葡萄生长势与葡萄品质参数也无可检测到的影响，或仅存在可忽略的微弱影响。因此，本研究结果表明，在葡萄园底土层中施入有机改良剂，可作为葡萄栽培（viticulture）领域助力土壤碳封存以缓解气候变化的可行方案。