Table1_Nature-Based Solutions in Coastal and Estuarine Areas of Europe.xlsx

Momentum for sustainable and climate resilience solutions for coastal protection are growing globally given the pressing need to prevent further loss of biodiversity and ecosystems while meeting the climate change adaptation and mitigation goals. Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) represent an opportunity to align environmental and resilience goals, at a time of strained budgets in a global context and when short-term needs may run counter to long-term goals. In Europe, NbS fit the mandates of major EU environmental and climate change policies by restoring biodiversity and enhancing climate-resilience and carbon sequestration. Previous studies have compiled scientific evidence about hydro-meteorological hazards for the use of NbS. However, their implementation at scale is still lacking. As the knowledge and experience with NbS for adaptation to natural hazards and climate change increases, it becomes more important to draw lessons learned and insights for replicating and scaling up NbS, especially in coastal areas where their implementation is still limited compared to other environments. This study analyzed NbS case studies across European coastal and estuarine areas to draw key lessons, understand better the current status of implementation, and identify key challenges and gaps. From a total of 59 NbS case studies associated with flooding, erosion and biodiversity loss, results show an increase in NbS implementation since 1990s, but most rapidly between 2005 and 2015. Most of the case studies are hybrid solutions employing wetlands, predominantly located in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Netherlands. Funding of NbS is largely from public sources, and rarely come from a single or a private source. Three-quarters of the case studies reported monitoring activities, but more than half did not disclose quantitative results related to effectiveness against flooding and/or erosion. The need to improve coastal defenses was indicated as the main motivation for NbS implementation over traditional structures, while sustainability was the most mentioned additional reason. Although a variety of co-benefits and lessons learned was identified, clearer descriptions and enhanced details of such information are required. There is a need for tools and strategies to expand knowledge sharing of lessons learned to enable further replication of successful cases in other areas.

鉴于当前亟需在防止生物多样性与生态系统进一步受损的同时达成气候变化适应与减缓目标，全球范围内用于海岸防护的可持续性及气候韧性解决方案的发展势头正日益强劲。基于自然的解决方案（Nature-Based Solutions, NbS）在全球预算紧张、短期需求可能与长期目标相悖的背景下，为协调环境目标与韧性目标提供了契机。在欧洲，NbS契合欧盟多项核心环境与气候变化政策的使命要求，可修复生物多样性、提升气候韧性并增强碳固存能力。既往研究已针对NbS应用相关的水文气象灾害收集了科学证据，但此类方案的规模化实施仍存在缺口。随着人们对用于应对自然灾害与气候变化的NbS的认知与实践经验不断积累，总结可复制、可推广的经验与洞见变得愈发重要，尤其是在那些相较于其他环境类型，NbS实施仍较为有限的沿海区域。本研究对欧洲沿海与河口区域的NbS案例开展分析，旨在总结核心经验、明晰当前实施现状，并识别关键挑战与空白领域。本次研究共纳入59项与洪涝、海岸侵蚀及生物多样性流失相关的NbS案例，结果显示，自20世纪90年代以来NbS的实施量呈上升趋势，且在2005年至2015年间增长最为迅速。多数案例为采用湿地的混合型解决方案，主要分布在英国（UK）与荷兰。NbS的资金来源以公共财政为主，极少来自单一私人渠道。四分之三的案例开展了监测活动，但超过半数未披露与洪涝及/或海岸侵蚀防控成效相关的定量结果。相较于传统防护结构，提升海岸防护能力是推动NbS落地的首要动因，而可持续性则是最常被提及的附加动因。尽管已识别出多种协同效益与经验教训，但仍需对这类信息进行更清晰的阐述与更详实的补充。此外，亟需开发工具与策略以推广经验共享，助力成功案例在其他区域的进一步复制应用。