SNOMED Clinical Terminology Snapshot

**Overview**
SNOMED CT contains three different release file types in every version: full, delta and snapshot release. This data package consists of Snapshot Release which contains the current state of every component of SNOMED CT.

**Description**
SNOMED CT is one of a suite of designated standards for use in U.S. Federal Government systems for the electronic exchange of clinical health information and is also a required standard in interoperability specifications of the U.S. Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel. When implemented in software applications, SNOMED CT can be used to represent clinically relevant information consistently, reliably and comprehensively as an integral part of producing electronic health information. SNOMED CT supports the development of comprehensive high-quality clinical content in health records. It provides a standardized way to represent clinical phrases captured by the clinician and enables automatic interpretation of these. SNOMED CT is a clinically validated, semantically rich, controlled vocabulary that facilitates evolutionary growth in expressivity to meet emerging requirements. SNOMED CT based clinical information benefits individual patients and clinicians as well as populations and it supports evidence based care. A 'Snapshot' release contains the most recent version of every component released up to the time of the snapshot. The version of each component contained in a snapshot is the most recent version of that component at the release time. The 'Snapshot' release is useful for a simple installation but does not provide a history or retrospective view of the terminology.

**Benefits**
- There are many benefits of using snomed ct in electronic health records including:
- health information can be shared consistently within and across healthcare settings.
- data can be organized, queried, and analyzed for the benefit of the individual and institution.
- the risk of different interpretations of the record between different healthcare settings can be reduced.
- updated twice a year to help users keep pace with the advances of healthcare terminology and add to the scope of coverage
- in addition to adding value to electronic health records, snomed ct supports the following meaningful use objectives:
- maintain an up-to-date problem list of current and active diagnoses
- record patient family health history as structure data
- identify and report cancer cases to state cancer registries
- record and track changes in patient vital signs
- record patient smoking status
- provide a summary record for each transition of care

**License Information**
The use of John Snow Labs datasets is free for personal and research purposes. For commercial use please subscribe to the [Data Library](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/) on John Snow Labs website. The subscription will allow you to use all John Snow Labs datasets and data packages for commercial purposes.

**Included Datasets**
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Association Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-association-reference-set)
- This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.

An Association reference set is a component reference set used to represent represents a set of unordered associations of a particular type between components.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Attribute Value Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-attribute-value-reference-set)
- This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.

A Attribute value reference set is a component reference set used to apply a tagged value to a SNOMED CT component.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Concept](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-concept)
- The Concept file holds the clinical concepts that make up SNOMED CT. A concept is given meaning by its Fully Specified Name, which is held in the Description file. A concept may be distinguished from or refined by association with other concepts using relationships, which are held in the Relationship file. This dataset describes the Release File structure, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2) of the US Edition of SNOMED CT which is the official source for use in US healthcare systems.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Description Type Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-description-type-reference-set)
- Description format reference set is a C-I (component - integer) reference set which is used to specify the length and format of the terms in descriptions of this description type. This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2) of the US Edition of SNOMED CT which is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Description](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-description)
- This dataset holds descriptions that describe SNOMED CT concepts. A description gives meaning to a concept and provide well-understood and standard ways of referring to a concept. This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2) which is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Language Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-language-reference-set)
- A Language reference set is a Component reference set that is used to indicate which descriptions contain terms that are acceptable or preferred in a particular language or dialect. This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. It combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot MRCM Attribute Domain Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-mrcm-attribute-domain-reference-set)
- MRCM (Machine Readable Concept Model) Attribute Domain Reference Set allows attributes to be associated with the domains in which they may be applied. It also allows grouping and cardinality constraints to be specified for each attribute and domain combination. For each attribute-domain rule, the strength of the rule and the content type over which this rule applies is also specified.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot MRCM Attribute Range Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-mrcm-attribute-range-reference-set)
- An MRCM (Machine Readable Concept Model) Attribute Range Reference Set allows attributes to be associated with a valid value range for a given SNOMED CT content type and rule strength. The range of each attribute is defined using an Expression Constraint. This expression constraint represents the set of concepts, expressions, or concrete values that may be used as the value of the given attribute.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot MRCM Domain Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-mrcm-domain-reference-set)
- MRCM Domain Reference Set enumerates the concept domains to which SNOMED CT attributes may be applied, and provides additional information to support these concept domains. Each concept domain is uniquely identified by a SNOMED CT concept. When the scope of a domain covers the concepts in a particular hierarchy (or subhierarchy), the supertype concept of this hierarchy (or subhierarchy) is used to identify the domain.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot MRCM Module Scope Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-mrcm-module-scope-reference-set)
- An MRCM (Machine Readable Concept Model) Module Scope Reference Set specifies the set of MRCM reference sets that should be applied to the content in each module. Within a SNOMED CT Edition, the MRCM rules applied to the included modules must be consistent, to ensure data integrity within an edition is maintained.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Module Dependency Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-module-dependency-reference-set)
- This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.

The Module dependency reference set is used to represent dependencies between modules, taking account of module versioning.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot OWL Expression Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-owl-expression-reference-set)
- This dataset is an OWL (Ontology Web Language) ontology reference set (foundation metadata concept), in which the OWL expressions represent essential information about an ontology. This information includes namespaces, ontology URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), ontology version URI, and import statements. An OWL expression type reference set associates description logic statements with SNOMED CT (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terms) concept in the OWL functional syntax.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Refset Descriptor Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-refset-descriptor-reference-set)
- This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.

Refset Descriptor Reference Set specifies the structure of reference sets.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Relationship Concrete Values](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-relationship-concrete-values)
- This dataset describes the information about SNOMED International proposes to further enhance SNOMED CT by adding the capability to express concrete values. This enhancement will initially target improvements in the Pharmaceutical / biologic product hierarchy .This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2).

The Relationship file holds one relationship per row of a particular type, and has a source concept and a concrete value concept.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Relationship](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-relationship)
- This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.

The Relationship file holds one relationship per row. Each relationship is of a particular type, and has a source concept and a destination concept.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Simple Map Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-simple-map-reference-set)
- This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.

A Simple Map Reference set is used to represent one-to-one maps between SNOMED CT concepts and codes in another terminology, classification or code system.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Simple Reference Set](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-simple-reference-set)
- This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.

A Simple reference set does not have any addition fields.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Stated Relationship](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-stated-relationship)
- This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.

Stated Relationship File is a distribution file containing the stated form of SNOMED CT relationships.
- [SNOMED CT Snapshot Text Definition](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-text-definition)
- This dataset describes the Release File structure of SNOMED CT, referred to as Release Format 2 (RF2). The US Edition of SNOMED CT is the official source of SNOMED CT for use in US healthcare systems. The US Edition is a standalone release that combines the content of both the US Extension and the International release of SNOMED CT.
- [SNOMED Clinical Terminology to ICD-10-CM Snapshot Map](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-clinical-terminology-to-icd-10-cm-snapshot-map)
- The purpose of the SNOMED CT to ICD-10-CM map is to support semi-automated generation of ICD-10-CM codes from clinical data encoded in SNOMED CT for reimbursement and statistical purposes.

**Data Engineering Overview**
**We deliver high-quality data**
- Each dataset goes through 3 levels of quality review
- 2 Manual reviews are done by domain experts
- Then, an automated set of 60+ validations enforces every datum matches metadata & defined constraints
- Data is normalized into one unified type system
- All dates, unites, codes, currencies look the same
- All null values are normalized to the same value
- All dataset and field names are SQL and Hive compliant
- Data and Metadata
- Data is available in both CSV and Apache Parquet format, optimized for high read performance on distributed Hadoop, Spark & MPP clusters
- Metadata is provided in the open Frictionless Data standard, and its every field is normalized & validated
- Data Updates
- Data updates support replace-on-update: outdated foreign keys are deprecated, not deleted

**Our data is curated and enriched by domain experts**

Each dataset is manually curated by our team of doctors, pharmacists, public health & medical billing experts:
- Field names, descriptions, and normalized values are chosen by people who actually understand their meaning
- Healthcare & life science experts add categories, search keywords, descriptions and more to each dataset
- Both manual and automated data enrichment supported for clinical codes, providers, drugs, and geo-locations
- The data is always kept up to date – even when the source requires manual effort to get updates
- Support for data subscribers is provided directly by the domain experts who curated the data sets
- Every data source’s license is manually verified to allow for royalty-free commercial use and redistribution.

**Need Help?**
If you have questions about our products, contact us at [[e-mail]](mailto:[e-mail]).

**概述**
SNOMED CT（Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terms，系统医学术语集-临床术语）的每个版本包含三种不同的发布文件类型：完整发布、增量发布和快照发布。本数据包包含快照发布，其中记录了SNOMED CT各组件的当前状态。

**描述**
SNOMED CT是美国联邦政府系统中用于临床健康信息电子交换的指定标准套件之一，同时也是美国医疗信息技术标准委员会（U.S. Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel）互操作性规范中的强制标准。在软件应用中实施时，SNOMED CT可作为生成电子健康信息的组成部分，用于一致、可靠且全面地表示临床相关信息。SNOMED CT支持在健康记录中开发全面高质量的临床内容，提供标准化方式来表示临床医生捕获的临床短语，并支持对这些短语的自动解读。SNOMED CT是经过临床验证、语义丰富的受控词汇表，可促进表达能力的演进式增长，以满足新兴需求。基于SNOMED CT的临床信息既有益于个体患者和临床医生，也有益于人群，并支持循证医疗。"快照"发布包含截至发布时所有组件的最新版本，快照中每个组件的版本均为发布时的最新版本。"快照"发布适用于简单安装，但不提供术语的历史或回顾性视图。

**优势**
- 在电子健康记录中使用SNOMED CT有诸多优势，包括：
- 健康信息可在医疗环境内部及跨环境中一致共享；
- 数据可被组织、查询和分析，以造福个体和机构；
- 不同医疗环境间对记录的不同解读风险可被降低；
- 每年更新两次，帮助用户跟上医疗术语的进展并扩展覆盖范围；
- 除了为电子健康记录增值外，SNOMED CT还支持以下有意义的使用目标：
- 维护当前和活跃诊断的最新问题列表；
- 以结构化数据形式记录患者家族健康史；
- 识别癌症病例并向州癌症登记处报告；
- 记录和跟踪患者生命体征的变化；
- 记录患者吸烟状态；
- 为每次护理过渡提供摘要记录。

**许可信息**
John Snow Labs数据集的使用对个人和研究目的免费。商业用途请订阅John Snow Labs网站上的[数据图书馆](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/)。订阅后您可将所有John Snow Labs数据集和数据包用于商业用途。

**包含的数据集**
- [SNOMED CT快照关联参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-association-reference-set)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构，即发布格式2（Release Format 2，RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，它是一个独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
关联参考集（Association Reference Set）是一种组件参考集，用于表示特定类型组件之间的无序关联集合。
- [SNOMED CT快照属性值参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-attribute-value-reference-set)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构，即发布格式2（RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，它是一个独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
属性值参考集（Attribute Value Reference Set）是一种组件参考集，用于将标记值应用于SNOMED CT组件。
- [SNOMED CT快照概念](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-concept)
- 概念文件包含构成SNOMED CT的临床概念。概念的含义由其在描述文件中记录的完全指定名称赋予。概念可通过与其他概念的关联（记录在关系文件中）加以区分或细化。本数据集描述了SNOMED CT美国版的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2），该版本是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源。
- [SNOMED CT快照描述类型参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-description-type-reference-set)
- 描述格式参考集是一种组件-整数（Component-Integer，C-I）参考集，用于指定此类描述类型中术语的长度和格式。本数据集描述了SNOMED CT美国版的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2），该版本是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源。
- [SNOMED CT快照描述](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-description)
- 本数据集包含描述SNOMED CT概念的描述信息。描述为概念赋予含义，并提供易于理解的标准化引用方式。本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2），该版本是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源。SNOMED CT美国版是独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
- [SNOMED CT快照语言参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-language-reference-set)
- 语言参考集（Language Reference Set）是一种组件参考集，用于指示哪些描述包含特定语言或方言中可接受或首选的术语。本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
- [SNOMED CT快照MRCM属性域参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-mrcm-attribute-domain-reference-set)
- MRCM（Machine Readable Concept Model，机器可读概念模型）属性域参考集允许将属性与可应用的域关联，并可为每个属性-域组合指定分组和基数约束。对于每个属性-域规则，还需指定规则强度和适用的内容类型。
- [SNOMED CT快照MRCM属性范围参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-mrcm-attribute-range-reference-set)
- MRCM（机器可读概念模型）属性范围参考集允许将属性与给定SNOMED CT内容类型和规则强度下的有效取值范围关联。每个属性的范围通过表达式约束定义，该约束表示可用作给定属性值的概念、表达式或具体值集合。
- [SNOMED CT快照MRCM域参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-mrcm-domain-reference-set)
- MRCM域参考集枚举了SNOMED CT属性可应用的概念域，并提供支持这些概念域的附加信息。每个概念域由SNOMED CT概念唯一标识。当域范围覆盖特定层次结构（或子层次结构）中的概念时，该层次结构（或子层次结构）的超类型概念用于标识域。
- [SNOMED CT快照MRCM模块范围参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-mrcm-module-scope-reference-set)
- MRCM（机器可读概念模型）模块范围参考集指定了应应用于每个模块内容的MRCM参考集集合。在SNOMED CT版本中，应用于包含模块的MRCM规则必须一致，以确保版本内的数据完整性。
- [SNOMED CT快照模块依赖参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-module-dependency-reference-set)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，是独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
模块依赖参考集（Module Dependency Reference Set）用于表示模块之间的依赖关系，同时考虑模块版本控制。
- [SNOMED CT快照OWL表达式参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-owl-expression-reference-set)
- 本数据集是OWL（Ontology Web Language，本体网络语言）本体参考集（基础元数据概念），其中OWL表达式表示本体的基本信息，包括命名空间、本体统一资源标识符（Uniform Resource Identifier，URI）、本体版本URI和导入语句。OWL表达式类型参考集将描述逻辑语句与SNOMED CT概念以OWL函数语法关联。
- [SNOMED CT快照参考集描述符参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-refset-descriptor-reference-set)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，是独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
参考集描述符参考集（Refset Descriptor Reference Set）指定了参考集的结构。
- [SNOMED CT快照关系具体值](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-relationship-concrete-values)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED International提议通过添加表达具体值的能力进一步增强SNOMED CT的信息。此增强最初将针对药物/生物制品层次结构的改进。本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2）。
关系文件每行包含一个特定类型的关系，具有源概念和具体值概念。
- [SNOMED CT快照关系](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-relationship)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，是独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
关系文件每行包含一个关系，每个关系具有特定类型、源概念和目标概念。
- [SNOMED CT快照简单映射参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-simple-map-reference-set)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，是独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
简单映射参考集（Simple Map Reference Set）用于表示SNOMED CT概念与其他术语、分类或编码系统中代码之间的一对一映射。
- [SNOMED CT快照简单参考集](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-simple-reference-set)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，是独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
简单参考集（Simple Reference Set）不包含任何附加字段。
- [SNOMED CT快照陈述关系](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-stated-relationship)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，是独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
陈述关系文件（Stated Relationship File）是包含SNOMED CT关系陈述形式的分发文件。
- [SNOMED CT快照文本定义](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-ct-snapshot-text-definition)
- 本数据集描述了SNOMED CT的发布文件结构（即发布格式2，RF2）。SNOMED CT美国版是美国医疗系统中使用SNOMED CT的官方来源，是独立发布版本，结合了美国扩展版和SNOMED CT国际版的内容。
- [SNOMED临床术语到ICD-10-CM快照映射](https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/marketplace/snomed-clinical-terminology-to-icd-10-cm-snapshot-map)
- SNOMED CT到ICD-10-CM映射的目的是支持从SNOMED CT编码的临床数据半自动生成ICD-10-CM代码，用于报销和统计目的。

**数据工程概述**
**我们提供高质量数据**
- 每个数据集经过三级质量审核
- 由领域专家完成两次人工审核
- 随后，通过60多项自动化验证确保每个数据项符合元数据和定义的约束
- 数据被归一化为统一的类型系统
- 所有日期、单位、代码、货币格式一致
- 所有空值归一化为相同值
- 所有数据集和字段名称符合SQL和Hive规范
- 数据和元数据
- 数据以CSV和Apache Parquet格式提供，针对分布式Hadoop、Spark和MPP集群的高读取性能优化
- 元数据遵循开放的无摩擦数据标准（Frictionless Data standard），每个字段均经过归一化和验证
- 数据更新
- 数据更新支持更新替换机制：过时的外键被弃用而非删除

**我们的数据由领域专家精心策划和丰富**

每个数据集由我们的医生、药剂师、公共卫生和医疗 billing 专家团队人工策划：
- 字段名称、描述和归一化值由真正理解其含义的人员选择
- 医疗保健和生命科学专家为每个数据集添加类别、搜索关键词、描述等
- 支持针对临床代码、提供者、药物和地理位置的人工和自动化数据丰富
- 数据始终保持最新——即使来源需要人工努力获取更新
- 数据订阅者的支持直接由策划数据集的领域专家提供
- 每个数据源的许可均经过人工验证，允许免版税商业使用和再分发

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