Table_1_The Genus Alexandrium (Dinophyceae, Dinophyta) in Brazilian Coastal Waters.docx

A review of the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium occurring in Brazilian coastal waters is presented based on both published information and new data. Seven Alexandrium species have been recorded from Brazil so far: Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium fraterculus, Alexandrium gaardnerae, Alexandrium kutnerae, Alexandrium tamiyavanichi, Alexandrium tamutum, and Alexandrium sp. While A. gaardnerae and A. kutnerae were identified based only on morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analysis (ITS and LSU rDNA) were performed for the remaining species based on cultures and/or field populations. Monoclonal cultures of the analyzed species were isolated from field samples obtained from Bahia (A. tamiyavanichi, two strains), Rio de Janeiro (A. tamutum, three strains; Alexandrium sp., two strains), Santa Catarina (A. fraterculus, one strain), and Rio Grande do Sul (Alexandrium tamarense, three strains). This is the first record of A. tamutum for the South Atlantic. In addition, molecular data for Brazilian strains of A. fraterculus are presented for the first time, as well as sequences from the ITS region for A. catenella (previously reported as A. tamarense) from Brazilian coastal waters. The morphological characters of the three species corresponded to those typically recorded in the literature and their identification was confirmed by molecular analysis. Based on the LSU rDNA and ITS regions, the three strains of A. catenella showed a high degree of similarity with strains from Southern Chile and North America. The implications and limitations of these findings for the monitoring protocols within the global and regional context are discussed.

本研究结合已发表资料与最新实验数据，对巴西近岸海域分布的甲藻（dinoflagellate）亚历山大藻属（Alexandrium）类群开展综述研究。目前已在巴西海域记录到7种亚历山大藻属物种，分别为：链状亚历山大藻（Alexandrium catenella）、友爱亚历山大藻（Alexandrium fraterculus）、加德纳亚历山大藻（Alexandrium gaardnerae）、库特纳亚历山大藻（Alexandrium kutnerae）、谷内亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamiyavanichi）、塔穆图亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamutum）以及未定种亚历山大藻（Alexandrium sp.）。其中加德纳亚历山大藻与库特纳亚历山大藻仅通过形态特征完成鉴定，其余物种则基于单克隆培养株系及/或野外种群，通过系统发育分析（内部转录间隔区ITS与大亚基核糖体DNA LSU rDNA）完成鉴定。本研究涉及的所有分析物种的单克隆培养株系，均分离自以下海域的野外样本：巴伊亚州海域（谷内亚历山大藻，2株）、里约热内卢州海域（塔穆图亚历山大藻，3株；未定种亚历山大藻，2株）、圣卡塔琳娜州海域（友爱亚历山大藻，1株）以及南里奥格兰德州海域（塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense），3株）。本研究为南大西洋海域首次记录塔穆图亚历山大藻。此外，本研究首次发布了巴西海域友爱亚历山大藻株系的分子数据，同时首次提供了巴西近岸海域曾被误鉴定为塔玛亚历山大藻的链状亚历山大藻的ITS区域序列信息。上述3个物种的形态特征与文献中已报道的典型特征完全吻合，且其物种鉴定均通过分子分析得到了验证。基于LSU rDNA与ITS区域序列分析，本研究中的3株链状亚历山大藻与智利南部及北美地区的对应株系展现出极高的序列相似性。本研究还探讨了上述研究结果在全球及区域尺度下对海洋监测规程的启示意义与应用局限。