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Empirical data were obtained by questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was distributed to middle and senior managers of large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in 30 provinces in China. Manufacturing enterprises mainly include communication equipment, special equipment, biomedical, transportation and other industries. The questionnaire content was adjusted according to China’s national conditions and research purposes on the basis of existing literature. First, we obtained a set of semi-open questionnaire, mainly by analyzing authority scale, translating and comparing measurement items. Secondly, 45 EMBA and MBA students who are middle and senior managers working in manufacturing enterprises were selected to predict the questionnaire in December 2021. According to the survey results, the specialized terms and repeated items in the questionnaire content were modified to form a formal questionnaire. See Appendix 1 for details. Finally, 1200 questionnaires were distributed in two ways from January to June 2022. Among them, 600 anonymous questionnaires were issued to middle and senior managers of school-enterprise cooperative enterprises by fax and email. The 600 online questionnaires were obtained through a recurring questionnaire based on social relationships. 565 valid questionnaires were collected with a response rate of 47.10%. Then 56 questionnaires were removed with missing options or regular answers, 509 valid questionnaires were obtained with effective recovery of 42.40%

本研究的实证数据通过问卷调查法获取。本次问卷的发放对象为中国30个省份的大、中型制造企业中高层管理人员，上述制造企业主要涵盖通信设备、专用设备、生物医药、交通运输等行业。研究团队在既有学术文献基础上，结合中国国情与本次研究目标，对问卷内容进行了适配性调整。首先，通过分析权威量表、翻译并比对测量题项，初步形成半开放式问卷初稿；其次于2021年12月选取45名任职于制造企业的中高层管理人员（均为EMBA、MBA学员）开展问卷预调研。结合预调研结果，对问卷内容中的专业术语与重复题项进行修订，最终形成正式问卷，详细内容见附录1。最后，于2022年1月至6月期间，通过两种渠道共计发放1200份问卷：其中600份匿名问卷通过传真与电子邮件的方式，发放给校企合作企业的中高层管理人员；剩余600份线上问卷则通过基于社会关系的滚雪球式问卷调研获取。本次调研累计回收有效问卷565份，初始有效回收率为47.10%；随后剔除56份存在选项缺失或规律性作答的无效问卷，最终得到有效问卷509份，最终有效回收率达42.40%