The spread of agriculture in eastern Asia - Supplementary tables

Millets and rice were important for the demographic history of China. This review draws on current archaeobotanical evidence for rice and millets across China, Korea, eastern Russia, Taiwan, Mainland southeast Asia, and Japan, taking a critical approach to dating evidence, evidence for cultivation, and morphological domestication. There is no evidence to suggest that millets and rice were domesticated simultaneously within a single region. Instead, 5 regions of north China are candidates for independent early cultivation of millets that led to domestication, and 3 regions of the Yangtze basin are candidates for separate rice domestication trajectories. The integration of rice and millet into a single agricultural system took place ca. 4000bc, and after this the spread of agricultural systems and population growth are in evidence. The most striking evidence for agricultural dispersal and population growth took place between 3000 and 2500bc, which has implications for major language dispersals.

粟黍类（millets）与稻对于中国的人口发展史具有重要意义。本综述依托当前中国、朝鲜、俄罗斯远东地区、中国台湾、东南亚大陆及日本境内与稻、粟黍类相关的考古植物学证据，围绕测年证据、栽培证据及形态驯化特征展开批判性评估。目前尚无证据表明粟黍类与稻在单一区域内同时完成驯化。据此推测，中国北方的5个区域可能是粟黍类独立早期栽培并最终实现驯化的候选区域，而长江流域的3个区域则是稻类独立驯化路径的候选对象。约公元前4000年，稻与粟黍类被整合为统一的农业生产体系；在此之后，农业体系的传播与人口增长均有实证支撑。最为显著的农业扩散与人口增长证据出现在公元前3000年至公元前2500年之间，这一现象对于大型语言的扩散研究具有重要启示意义。