Development of brief assessment packages of psychosocial constructs related to doping

We aimed to develop brief self-report tools that can be used by anti-doping organizations (ADOs) to evaluate education programs regarding their effects on psychosocial correlates of doping. Current assessment tools are too long for this purpose. In phase 1, we reviewed the literature and selected psychosocial constructs perceived to be amenable to anti-doping education. In phase 2, a survey with these constructs was sent to anti-doping experts (i.e. researchers and representatives of ADOs), who rated their importance and rank ordered them. Following this, a smaller pool of constructs was chosen for phase 3, during which, questionnaires capturing these constructs were distributed to adult athletes and athlete support personnel (ASP) in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Using data from 307 adult athletes and 296 ASP, we selected the best 2–3 items for scales tapping each construct, via the OASIS package in R. Two questionnaires with 24 (athletes) and 28 (ASP) items, respectively, were formed. The questionnaires assess 11 and 13 different constructs, respectively, and capture diverse aspects such as morality, motivation, perceived benefits, and perceived deterrents relevant to doping. The questionnaires provide brief assessments for diverse psychosocial constructs that could be used to evaluate ADO education programs.

我们旨在开发简短的自陈式工具，供反兴奋剂组织（anti-doping organizations, ADOs）用于评估教育项目对兴奋剂使用的社会心理相关因素的影响。当前的评估工具对此用途而言过于冗长。第一阶段，我们回顾了相关文献，并筛选出被认为可通过反兴奋剂教育改善的社会心理构念（psychosocial constructs）。第二阶段，包含这些构念的调查问卷被发送给反兴奋剂专家（即研究人员及ADOs代表），由他们对构念的重要性进行评分并排序。随后，我们筛选出数量更少的构念池用于第三阶段；在此阶段，针对这些构念的问卷被分发给丹麦、挪威和瑞典的成年运动员及运动员支持人员（athlete support personnel, ASP）。利用307名成年运动员和296名ASP的数据，我们通过R语言中的OASIS包为每个构念对应的量表筛选出最优的2-3个条目。最终形成两份问卷，分别包含24个条目（针对运动员）和28个条目（针对ASP）。这两份问卷分别评估11个和13个不同的构念，涵盖与兴奋剂相关的道德、动机、感知收益及感知威慑等多个维度。这些问卷可对多种社会心理构念进行简短评估，从而为ADOs的教育项目评估提供支持。