ZNACZENIE POSTĘPU HODOWLANEGO W PRODUKCJI PSZENICY OZIMEJ

The impact of breeding on winter wheat yields and the use of the generated yield potential in production were assessed. The results of trials of Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) from 1966-2022, data from the Seed Inspection (IN) from 1986-2001 and Plant Health And Seed Inspection (PIORiN) from 2002-2023 regarding the varietal structure of seed production of winter wheat and production data on wheat yield in production were used according to Statistics Poland. To assess the effects of breeding, the method of changing the yield potential of varieties was used. In this method, we use indexes determining the yield-producing capacity of individual varieties in relation to the standard. Changes in yield trends in variety experiments and production were analyzed. The growing importance of the variety as a factor enabling further increase in yield and the effect of breeding on the increase in yield potential has been demonstrated despite limitations in the use of nitrogen fertilization and chemical plant protection products. The existing yield gap between trials and production, amounting to approximately 55%, indicates great opportunities to further increase yields in production through better use of the yield potential of varieties created by breeding.

本研究评估育种对冬小麦产量的影响及生产中已生成产量潜力的利用情况。研究采用品种测试研究中心（Research Centre for Cultivar Testing，COBORU）1966-2022年的试验结果、种子检验局（Seed Inspection，IN）1986-2001年及植物健康与种子检验局（Plant Health And Seed Inspection，PIORiN）2002-2023年关于冬小麦种子生产品种结构的数据，以及波兰统计局（Statistics Poland）提供的冬小麦生产产量数据。为评估育种效应，本研究采用品种产量潜力变化分析法，通过计算各品种相对于标准品种的产量能力指数开展分析。研究分析品种试验与生产中的产量趋势变化，结果表明：尽管氮肥施用与化学植物保护产品使用存在限制，但品种作为推动产量进一步提升的因素其重要性日益凸显，且育种对产量潜力提升具有显著效应；目前试验与生产间约55%的产量差距显示，通过更充分利用育种所创品种的产量潜力，生产中仍存在大幅提升产量的巨大空间。