Timeline of separation method application. Approximately half of the dam-calf pairs (n = 16) underwent a gradual separation (by gradually reducing the time of dam-calf contact) method, and the other half of the dam-calf pairs (n = 17) a nose-flap separation (with a nose-flap) method. The separation methods were additionally both subdivided into early and late separation (with a two-week difference in the separation start).

Timeline of separation method application. Approximately half of the dam-calf pairs (n = 16) underwent a gradual separation (by gradually reducing the time of dam-calf contact) method, and the other half of the dam-calf pairs (n = 17) a nose-flap separation (with a nose-flap) method. The separation methods were additionally both subdivided into early and late separation (with a two-week difference in the separation start).

分离方法应用时序。约半数母仔对（dam-calf pairs，n=16）采用渐进式分离法（通过逐步缩短母仔接触时长实现分离），剩余半数母仔对（dam-calf pairs，n=17）采用鼻挡分离法（nose-flap separation，借助鼻挡装置完成分离）。此外，两类分离方法均被细分为早期分离与晚期分离，二者的分离启动时间相差两周。