Supplementary Material for: Material and Technology: Back to the Future for the Choice of Interface for Non-Invasive Ventilation – A Concise Review

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has dramatically changed the treatment of both acute and chronic respiratory failure in the last 2 decades. The success of NIV is correlated to the application of the “best ingredients” of a patient’s “tailored recipe,” including the appropriate choice of the selected candidate, the ventilator setting, the interface, the expertise of the team, and the education of the caregiver. The choice of the interface is crucial for the success of NIV. Type (oral, nasal, nasal pillows, oronasal, hybrid mask, helmet), size, design, material and headgears may affect the patient’s comfort with respect to many aspects, such as air leaks, claustrophobia, skin erythema, eye irritation, skin breakdown, and facial deformity in children. Companies are paying great attention to mask development, in terms of shape, materials, comfort, and leak reduction. Although the continuous development of new products has increased the availability of interfaces and the chance to meet different requirements, in patients necessitating several daily hours of NIV, both in acute and in chronic home setting, the rotational use of different interfaces may remain an excellent strategy to decrease the risk of skin breakdown and to improve patient’s tolerance. The aim of the present review was to give the readers a background on mask technology and materials in order to enhance their “knowledge” in making the right choice for the interface to apply during NIV in the different clinical scenarios.

在过去二十年间，无创通气（Non-invasive Ventilation, NIV）极大地改变了急性和慢性呼吸衰竭的临床治疗方案。无创通气的成功实施，与患者"个体化诊疗方案"中的"核心要素"应用紧密相关，这些要素包括合适的候选患者筛选、呼吸机参数设置、通气接口选择、医疗团队的专业素养以及护理人员的相关培训。通气接口的选择对于无创通气的成功至关重要。通气接口的类型（包括口含式、鼻罩式、鼻枕式、口鼻面罩式、混合式面罩及头盔式）、尺寸、设计、材质以及头带，均可从多方面影响患者的舒适度，具体涉及漏气情况、幽闭恐惧感、皮肤红斑、眼部刺激、皮肤破损，以及儿童患者的面部畸形问题。当前各企业均高度重视通气面罩的研发，涵盖外形、材质、舒适度及漏气控制等多个维度。尽管新产品的持续迭代增加了通气接口的可及性，也更便于匹配不同患者的个性化需求，但对于每日需接受数小时无创通气的患者，无论为急性治疗还是慢性居家治疗场景，轮换使用不同类型的通气接口，仍是降低皮肤破损风险、提升患者耐受度的优质策略。本综述旨在为读者提供通气面罩技术与材质相关的背景知识，以帮助其提升在不同临床场景下，为无创通气治疗选择合适通气接口的专业判断能力。