Data from: Phylogenetic signal in extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods

Determining which biological traits affect taxonomic durations is critical
for explaining macroevolutionary patterns. Two approaches are commonly
used to investigate the associations between traits and durations and/or
extinction and origination rates: analyses of taxonomic occurrence
patterns in the fossil record and comparative phylogenetic analyses,
predominantly of extant taxa. By capitalizing upon the empirical record of
past extinctions, paleontological data avoid some of the limitations of
existing methods for inferring extinction and origination rates from
molecular phylogenies. However, most paleontological studies of extinction
selectivity have ignored phylogenetic relationships because there is a
dearth of phylogenetic hypotheses for diverse non-vertebrate higher taxa
in the fossil record. This omission inflates the degrees of freedom in
statistical analyses and leaves open the possibility that observed
associations are indirect, reflecting shared evolutionary history rather
than the direct influence of particular traits on durations. Here we
investigate global patterns of extinction selectivity in Devonian
terebratulide brachiopods and compare the results of taxonomic vs.
phylogenetic approaches. Regression models that assume independence among
taxa provide support for a positive association between geographic range
size and genus duration but do not indicate an association between body
size and genus duration. Brownian motion models of trait evolution
identify significant similarities in body size, range size, and duration
among closely related terebratulide genera. We use phylogenetic regression
to account for shared evolutionary history and find support for a
significant positive association between range size and duration among
terebratulides that is also phylogenetically structured. The estimated
range size–duration relationship is moderately weaker in the phylogenetic
analysis due to the down-weighting of closely related genera that were
both broadly distributed and long lived; however, this change in slope is
not statistically significant. These results provide evidence for the
phylogenetic conservatism of organismal and emergent traits, yet also the
general phylogenetic independence of the relationship between range size
and duration.

确定哪些生物学性状会影响分类单元持续时间（taxonomic durations），对于解释宏观进化模式（macroevolutionary patterns）至关重要。目前常用两种方法研究性状与持续时间、灭绝率及起源率之间的关联：一是分析化石记录中的分类单元出现模式，二是主要针对现生分类单元的比较系统发育分析（comparative phylogenetic analyses）。古生物学数据利用过去灭绝事件的实证记录，规避了现有从分子系统发育（molecular phylogenies）推断灭绝率和起源率方法的部分局限性。然而，大多数关于灭绝选择性（extinction selectivity）的古生物学研究忽略了系统发育关系，原因在于化石记录中多样的非脊椎动物高级分类单元缺乏系统发育假说（phylogenetic hypotheses）。这种遗漏会增加统计分析中的自由度，并使得观察到的关联可能是间接的——反映的是共同进化历史，而非特定性状对持续时间的直接影响。本文研究了泥盆纪穿孔贝类腕足动物（Devonian terebratulide brachiopods）灭绝选择性的全球模式，并比较了分类学方法与系统发育方法的结果。假设分类单元间相互独立的回归模型支持地理分布范围大小与属持续时间之间存在正相关，但未显示体型大小与属持续时间之间存在关联。性状进化的布朗运动模型（Brownian motion models of trait evolution）发现，亲缘关系较近的穿孔贝类属在体型大小、分布范围大小和持续时间上存在显著相似性。我们使用系统发育回归（phylogenetic regression）来考虑共同进化历史，发现穿孔贝类的分布范围大小与持续时间之间存在显著正相关，且这种关联具有系统发育结构。在系统发育分析中，由于对分布广泛且寿命长的亲缘关系较近属的权重降低，估计的分布范围大小与持续时间的关系适度减弱；但这种斜率变化在统计上并不显著。这些结果为生物性状和涌现性状（emergent traits）的系统发育保守性提供了证据，同时也表明分布范围大小与持续时间之间的关系总体上具有系统发育独立性。