Table 2_Changes in daily routines and health-related quality of life among Spanish older adults after the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis from a gender perspective.docx

AimsTo examine the association between perceived changes in daily routines due to the COVID-19 pandemic and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among community-dwelling adults aged 75 and older in Spain, through a gender-stratified analysis.
DesignCross-sectional, community-based, multicentre study using baseline data from the CUIDAMOS+75 cohort.
MethodsA total of 1,072 older adults over 75 from 11 Spanish regions were interviewed between June 2022 and June 2023. Data on SARS-CoV-2 exposure, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and perceived changes in daily routines (basic-needs, healthcare and social routines) were collected. HRQoL was measured using the EQ-5D-5L utility index. Gender-stratified linear regression models were used to examine associations between changes in routines and HRQoL.
ResultsOver half of the participants (52%) reported considerable changes in their daily routines due to the pandemic, especially in social routines (48%). Women reported more frequent changes across all routine types. Although women had lower overall HRQoL scores, changes in routines were more strongly associated with poorer HRQoL among men, particularly when healthcare routines were affected. Among women, significant associations were observed for disruptions in combined basic and social routines as well as when all three routine types were simultaneously affected. Notably, COVID-19 infection status was not associated with HRQoL after adjustment.
ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial and persistent changes in daily routines among older adults in Spain, with gender-specific patterns in their association with HRQoL. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating a gender perspective in public health responses to health crises, particularly in strategies aimed at preserving daily routines to support autonomy and wellbeing in older populations.

研究目的：本研究旨在通过性别分层分析，探讨西班牙75岁及以上社区居住成年人中，因COVID-19疫情感知到的日常作息变化与健康相关生活质量（Health-Related Quality of Life, HRQoL）之间的关联。
研究设计：本研究为横断面、社区人群多中心研究，使用CUIDAMOS+75队列的基线数据。
研究方法：2022年6月至2023年6月期间，对来自西班牙11个地区的1072名75岁以上老年人进行访谈。收集了严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）暴露情况、社会人口学与临床特征，以及日常作息（包括基本需求类、医疗保健类与社交类作息）的感知变化数据。采用EQ-5D-5L效用指数评估健康相关生活质量（HRQoL），并通过性别分层线性回归模型分析作息变化与HRQoL的关联。
研究结果：超过半数参与者（52%）报告疫情导致其日常作息发生显著变化，其中社交类作息变化最为普遍（48%）。女性在各类作息变化中的报告率均高于男性。尽管女性整体HRQoL评分更低，但作息变化与男性较差的HRQoL关联更强，尤其当医疗保健类作息受到影响时。对于女性而言，基本需求与社交类作息同时受干扰，以及三类作息均受影响的情况，均与HRQoL下降存在显著关联。值得注意的是，经校正后，COVID-19感染状态与HRQoL并无关联。
研究结论：COVID-19疫情使西班牙老年人群的日常作息发生了显著且持续的变化，且其与HRQoL的关联存在性别特异性模式。本研究结果凸显了在卫生危机的公共卫生应对中纳入性别视角的重要性，尤其在旨在维持日常作息以支持老年人群自主性与健康福祉的策略中。