Sample characteristics (N = 309).

Background Adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse, maltreatment or neglect, can lead to many mental disorders and emotional and social difficulties. Objective The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the ‘Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure’ (MACE) questionnaire to Polish socio-cultural conditions. Participants and setting The study involved 330 adult, white people (60.8% women); aged between 18 and 86 years (M = 41.01; SD = 14.67), with and without a psychiatric diagnosis. Methods Convergent validity was assessed by comparing MACE (PL) scores with the CTQ (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and ACE (Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire), while predictive validity was determined by examining the relationships between MACE (PL) scores and the SCL-90 (Symptom Checklist-90). The psychometric properties of the scale were assessed using Rasch analysis, which evaluated item fit, difficulty, and person separation. Internal consistency was measured using the Kuder Richardson coefficient (KR-20). The Polish version of MACE demonstrated good reliability, as indicated by high internal consistency (KR-20) and findings from Rasch analysis. Results The Polish version of MACE, after analysis, included a total of 58 items combined into 10 scales. The Polish version of the scale showed high internal consistency, measured using the Kuder-Richardson formula (KR-20). The results of the Polish version of MACE showed strong and positive correlations with the scores of CTQ and ACE. These correlations were particularly evident for the overall MACE scores and subscales such as MACE SUM, MACE Multiplicity, and MACE Duration. Correlations for physical neglect and emotional neglect were moderate but statistically significant (r = 0.49, p 0.8). Conclusion The Polish version of MACE demonstrates solid convergent validity, predictive validity, and psychometric reliability, making it a valuable tool for assessing experiences of maltreatment and neglect during childhood in both research and clinical practice. Assessing the history of adverse childhood experiences using the MACE can provide a more precise understanding of how the type and timing of these experiences influence outcomes. This, in turn, sheds light on the mechanisms underlying health and the common pathways contributing to overlapping symptom spectrums. In summary, the MACE appears to be a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers aiming to retrospectively assess the types, timing, and duration of childhood maltreatment experiences during sensitive developmental periods in adulthood.

背景 儿童期不良经历（Adverse Childhood Experiences, ACEs），包括虐待、苛待与忽视等，可诱发多种精神障碍及情绪与社交功能障碍。
研究目的 本研究旨在针对波兰社会文化语境，对"儿童虐待与忽视经历时序量表"（Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure, MACE）进行本土化调适与效度验证。
研究对象与研究场景 本研究共纳入330名成年白人受试者，女性占比60.8%；年龄区间为18至86岁（均值M=41.01，标准差SD=14.67），涵盖存在精神疾病诊断与无精神疾病诊断的两类人群。
研究方法 本研究通过对比波兰版MACE得分与儿童创伤问卷（Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ）、儿童期不良经历问卷（Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire, ACE）得分，评估其聚合效度；同时通过分析波兰版MACE得分与症状自评量表90（Symptom Checklist-90, SCL-90）的关联，验证其预测效度。本研究采用拉什分析（Rasch analysis）评估量表的心理测量学属性，包括项目拟合度、难度参数与个体区分度。内部一致性采用库德-理查森系数（KR-20）进行测算。结合较高的内部一致性结果与拉什分析结论，波兰版MACE展现出良好的信度表现。
研究结果 经分析，波兰版MACE共包含58个条目，归为10个分量表。经库德-理查森公式（KR-20）测算，该量表波兰版具有较高的内部一致性。波兰版MACE得分与CTQ、ACE得分均呈显著正相关，该关联在MACE总得分及MACE SUM、MACE Multiplicity、MACE Duration等分量表中尤为突出。躯体忽视与情感忽视维度的相关系数处于中等水平，但具有统计学显著性（r=0.49，p=0.8）。
研究结论 波兰版MACE具备可靠的聚合效度、预测效度与心理测量学信度，可作为科研与临床实践中评估儿童期虐待与忽视经历的有效工具。借助MACE评估儿童期不良经历史，能够更精准地揭示此类经历的类型与发生时序对个体结局的影响机制，进而阐明健康相关的潜在通路及重叠症状谱的共同成因。综上，对于旨在于成年阶段回顾性评估儿童期敏感发育阶段所经历的虐待类型、发生时序与持续时长的临床工作者与科研人员而言，MACE是一款极具应用价值的测评工具。