(Table 1) Luminescence age determination of sediments from the Arkhangelsk area

The Arkhangelsk area lies in the region that was reached by the northeastern flank of the Scandinavian ice sheet during the last glaciation. Investigations of Late Pleistocene sediments show interglacial terrestrial and marine conditions with sea level up to 52 m above the present level. An unconformity in the stratigraphy suggests a hiatus representing the Early Valdaian (Weichselian) and the beginning of the Middle Valdaian. This unconformity could be related to a low base level and isostatic depression of the area north of Arkhangelsk, either caused by ice masses advancing from the Kara and Barents ice sheets and/or to Scandinavian ice over the Kola Peninsula. During Middle Valdaian, from c. 66 ka BP, until the advance of the Late Valdaian glacier, c. 17-16 ka BP, peat formation, and northward fluvial sedimentation occurred coexisting with permafrost conditions in a later phase. Before the glacier advance, the base level rose and thick vertical accumulations of fluvial sediments were formed. Associated with this glacier advance from the north-northwest, ice damming occurred. Fluvial drainage was opposite to the present drainage pattern and deposition appeared in glaciolacustrine ponds in the area outside the limit of the glaciation. After the deglaciation that started c. 15 ka BP, permafrost conditions and downwasting of buried stagnant glacier ice prevailed until at least 10.7 ka BP.

阿尔汉格尔斯克地区处于末次冰期期间被斯堪的纳维亚冰盖（Scandinavian ice sheet）东北缘覆盖的区域。对晚更新世沉积物的研究表明，该区域曾存在间冰期陆地与海洋环境，当时海平面最高较现代海平面高出52米。地层序列中的不整合面（unconformity）显示存在一段沉积间断，对应瓦尔代冰期早期（Weichselian冰期）及瓦尔代冰期中期的起始阶段。该不整合面可能与阿尔汉格尔斯克北部区域的低基准面及均衡沉降（isostatic depression）有关，其成因可能是来自喀拉冰盖与巴伦支冰盖的冰体推进，或是科拉半岛上的斯堪的纳维亚冰盖作用。在约距今66千年至瓦尔代晚期冰川推进前（约距今17-16千年）的瓦尔代中期，区域内先后出现泥炭堆积与北向河流沉积作用，并在后期与多年冻土环境共存。在冰川推进之前，基准面（base level）上升并形成了厚层垂向堆积的河流沉积物。伴随这次来自北西北方向的冰川推进，区域内出现了冰坝作用（ice damming）。当时的河流水系与现代水系格局完全相反，沉积物沉积在冰期边界外的冰湖塘（glaciolacustrine ponds）中。在约距今15千年开始的冰消作用之后，多年冻土环境与埋藏停滞冰川冰的消融衰退过程持续至至少距今10.7千年。