CRONOS2 W6

The CROss-National Online Survey 2 (CRONOS-2) is the world’s first large scale, cross-national, probability-based input-harmonised web panel. It took place in 2021-23 and was fielded in 12 countries - Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Finland, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom - from November 2021 until March 2023.

At the end of the main ESS Round 10 (2020-22) questionnaire, respondents in each of the 12 countries were invited to participate in the online panel across six waves (only waves 1 and 2 were completed in Hungary).

Questions for cross-national waves 1, 2, 4 and 5 were selected for inclusion following an open competition. Respondents were asked country-specific questions during waves 3 and 6 (country-specific waves), composed by ESS national teams in each country.

For the first time, a longitudinal component was added to the ESS via the CRONOS-2 (the modules on drivers of institutional trust, COVID-19 vaccination, perception of surveys, and financial wellbeing included this).

CRONOS-2 aimed to lay the foundations for a European Social Survey web panel, increasing web-interviewing capacity across Europe and developing a mature web interviewing infrastructure. It also aimed to provide the academic, research and user community with additional substantive, high-quality, comparative data to complement existing ESS data.

CRONOS-2 was developed following a harmonised methodological approach, maintaining survey characteristics across countries. The main aim was to prevent methodological variations amongst countries that could potentially affect measures and confound data analysis and interpretation in a comparative setting.

Regarding the recruitment process, we implemented a piggy-backing approach, using an existing survey infrastructure that followed the same harmonisation principle. The main advantages of this approach concern the maximisation of the investments of the main ‘parent’ face-to-face survey, the reduction of panel recruitment costs, and the possibility to draw on trained interviewers.

The panel target population was adults (18+), who have access to internet (those without internet access were not invited to join the panel), living in private households in Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Finland, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

Participants were recruited after participating in ESS Round 10 (2020-22). This choice allowed recruitment of panel members from random probability samples.

跨国在线调查2（CRONOS-2）是全球首个大规模、跨国、基于概率抽样且输入标准化的网络面板数据集。该调查于2021-2023年开展，2021年11月至2023年3月期间在12个国家实施，包括奥地利、比利时、捷克、芬兰、法国、匈牙利、冰岛、意大利、葡萄牙、斯洛文尼亚、瑞典和英国。

在欧洲社会调查（European Social Survey，ESS）第10轮（2020-2022年）主问卷结束时，12个国家的受访者被邀请参与该在线面板的六轮调查（匈牙利仅完成了第1和第2轮）。

跨国调查的第1、2、4、5轮问题通过公开竞争选定；第3、6轮为国家特定轮次，由各国ESS国家团队编写，受访者在此期间回答针对本国的问题。

CRONOS-2首次为ESS增加了纵向研究成分，涵盖制度信任驱动因素、新冠疫苗接种、调查认知及财务福祉等模块。

CRONOS-2旨在为欧洲社会调查网络面板奠定基础，提升欧洲范围内的网络访谈能力并构建成熟的网络访谈基础设施；同时为学术界、研究界及用户群体提供额外的实质性、高质量比较数据，以补充现有ESS数据。

CRONOS-2采用标准化方法学路径开发，在各国保持一致的调查特征。其核心目标是避免各国方法学差异可能对测量结果产生的影响，以及在比较场景下对数据分析与解读造成的混淆。

招募过程采用依附式方法，利用遵循相同标准化原则的现有调查基础设施。该方法的主要优势包括：最大化主"母"调查（面对面调查）的投资效益、降低面板招募成本，以及可利用受过培训的访谈员。

面板目标人群为上述12国（奥地利、比利时、捷克、芬兰、法国、匈牙利、冰岛、意大利、葡萄牙、斯洛文尼亚、瑞典、英国）私人住户中18岁及以上且能访问互联网的成年人（无互联网访问权限者未被邀请加入面板）。

参与者从参与ESS第10轮（2020-2022年）的人群中招募，该选择确保面板成员来自随机概率样本。