Dietary patterns and significance of nutrition for women with low-risk pregnancy

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate dietary patterns and significance of diet for pregnant women. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in eight health units in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, with 201 pregnant women. The following instruments were used: a socio-economic and health questionnaire, the Free-Word Association Test, and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified using principal components and factor analysis. Poisson regression with 5% significance level was used. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified: current Brazilian pattern (beans, rice, processed meats, fats, refined grains, pasta and pastries, soft drink, sugar and sweets, cookies and crackers); healthy pattern (fruits and fruit juices, vegetables, whole grains, seafood, dairy products); and energy-rich pattern (salty deep-fried snacks, popcorn, packaged snacks, instant noodles, tubers, and chicken). Women who did not receive nutrition guidance during prenatal care showed less chance of adherence to the current Brazilian dietary pattern (PR=0.87), and therefore their level of consumption of foods commonly present in Brazilian diets was low. For most women, the significance of diet was reported as important and healthy, but it was not associated with any of the diet patterns identified. However, the women who did not consider that during pregnancy diet should be healthy showed greater chance of adherence to the energy-rich pattern (PR=1.18). This finding deserves special attention since excessive weight gain can have a negative effect on pregnancy. Conclusion: Nutrition guidance during prenatal care and the way pregnant women perceive their eating habits can influence their food choices during pregnancy.

摘要
研究目的：评估孕妇的饮食模式及其饮食的重要性。
研究方法：本研究为横断面研究，于巴西塞阿拉州福塔莱萨市的8个卫生机构开展，共纳入201名孕妇。研究采用的工具包括：社会经济与健康调查问卷、自由词语联想测验（Free-Word Association Test）以及食物频率问卷（Food Frequency Questionnaire）。饮食模式通过主成分分析与因子分析进行识别，统计分析采用显著性水平为5%的泊松回归。
研究结果：本研究共识别出3种饮食模式：1. 当代巴西饮食模式（包含豆类、米饭、加工肉类、油脂、精制谷物、意面与糕点、软饮、糖类与甜食、曲奇与脆饼）；2. 健康饮食模式（包含水果与果汁、蔬菜、全谷物、海鲜、乳制品）；3. 高能量饮食模式（包含咸味油炸零食、爆米花、包装零食、方便面、块根类食物与鸡肉）。未在产前检查中接受营养指导的孕妇，遵循当代巴西饮食模式的概率更低（PR=0.87），即其巴西常见膳食食物的摄入水平较低。多数孕妇认为饮食具有重要性且有益健康，但该认知与本研究识别出的任一饮食模式均无关联。然而，认为孕期饮食无需注重健康的孕妇，遵循高能量饮食模式的概率更高（PR=1.18）。由于孕期体重过度增加会对妊娠产生不良影响，该发现值得重点关注。
研究结论：产前检查期间的营养指导以及孕妇对自身饮食习惯的认知，可影响其孕期的食物选择。