Influence of Landcover and Geology on Spring Dynamics and Evaporation in Micro-Watersheds of Uttarakhand Himalayan Mountains dataset

The landuse landcover (LULC) patterns have potential control on recharge and discharge processes, dictating the hydrological behaviour, which is essential for informed decision-making in sustainable groundwater management at micro-watershed levels. The stable isotopes (oxygen and hydrogen) can characterise various components of the hydrological cycle, including gaining insights into the recharge and discharge dynamics of the mountainous springs. We collected high-frequency meteorological and hydrological (stream and springs) data and analysed their stable isotopic imprints in a 32 km2 micro watershed of a Himalayan region. Further, we examined the effect of LULC, geology and topography on recharge and discharge dynamics of the springs. The altitude effect in rainfall isotopic signatures was estimated to demarcate the potential spring recharge zones at the springshed level. The current observations were consistent with the global altitude effect, showing a decrease of -0.26 ‰ per 100 meters of elevation gain. Moreover, the precipitation isotopes and spring water flux changes were determined by the Craig-Gordon model. The study found that springs in barren land areas experience higher evaporation, while those in agricultural lands show lower evaporation. Differences in stable isotope values in spring water highlight their usefulness in tracking how land use and environmental changes affect water movement in small watersheds. By combining information on topography, geology, weather, water flow, and isotopes, the study helps to better understand how sensitive spring recharge and discharge are to land use. This research improves our knowledge of spring water sustainability in mountain regions with bimodal precipitation sources.
This data set contains all the raw data collected for this paper and presented in tabular format.

土地利用/覆盖（LULC）模式对补给与排泄过程具有潜在调控作用，进而支配水文行为，这对于小流域尺度可持续地下水管理中的科学决策至关重要。稳定同位素（氧和氢）可表征水文循环的各组成部分，包括深入了解山区泉水的补给与排泄动态。我们在喜马拉雅地区一个面积为32平方公里的小流域内，收集了高频气象与水文（河流及泉水）数据，并分析了其稳定同位素特征。此外，我们探讨了LULC、地质及地形对泉水补给与排泄动态的影响。我们估算了降雨同位素特征中的海拔效应，以划分泉域尺度的潜在泉水补给区。当前观测结果与全球海拔效应一致，即海拔每升高100米，同位素值降低0.26‰。此外，降水同位素与泉水流量变化通过Craig-Gordon模型进行了测定。研究发现，荒地区域的泉水蒸发量较高，而农业用地中的泉水蒸发量较低。泉水稳定同位素值的差异凸显了其在追踪土地利用与环境变化如何影响小流域水流方面的实用性。通过整合地形、地质、气象、水流及同位素信息，本研究有助于更深入理解泉水补给与排泄对土地利用的敏感性。本研究提升了我们对具有双峰降水来源的山区泉水可持续性的认知。

本数据集包含为该论文收集的所有原始数据，且以表格形式呈现。