Data and code for: A novel method for mapping high-precision animal locations using high-resolution imagery

Investigating ecological questions at the scale of individual organisms is necessary to understand and predict the biological consequences of changing environmental conditions. For small organisms this can be challenging because ecologists need tools with the appropriate accuracy, precision, and resolution to record and quantify their ecological interactions. Unfortunately, many existing tools are only appropriate for medium to large organisms or those that are wide ranging, inhibiting our ability to investigate the spatial ecology of small organisms at fine scales. Here, we tested a novel workflow for recording animal locations at very fine (decimeter) spatial scales, which we refer to as High-resolution Orthomosaic Location Recording (HOLR). The workflow for HOLR combined direct observations with data collection of locations on high-resolution uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery loaded on smartphones. Observers identified landscape features they recognized in the imagery and estimat..., Target Deployment
We deployed 2.5 cm x 15 cm painted copper pipes across the study site. These targets were operative thermal models (OTMs) that were primarily being deployed to measure temperature across the study site as part of a separate study, but they made suitable targets because the pipes were designed to approximate the size and appearance of a small, elongate animal, such as a lizard. We deployed approximately 28 targets in each of four sessions, each lasting roughly 4 weeks (total n = 111). We used a stratified random design to ensure the targets were located in or around a variety of landscape features present at the site, including on D. ingens burrow mounds (n = 63), off D. ingens burrow mounds (n = 12), under shrubs (n = 24), and in a wash (n = 12; Figure 5). The off-burrow feature types had few easily identifiable visual landmarks that observers could use while mapping locations (Figure 6a and b). The on-burrow feature type had some potential landmarks, including burrow ..., , # HOLR Test Location Data and Code

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m905qfv9s](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m905qfv9s)

This dataset includes data and code used to test the efficacy of the high-resolution orthomosaic location recording (HOLR) method. HOLR was designed as a means of collecting sub-meter location data in the field with less equipment and expense than a sub-meter GNSS device requires, making it more practical for ecological research applications. Test location data was collected using HOLR, consumer-grade GPS receiver (as a comparison) and a high-accuracy global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver (the \"true location\").

## Description of the data and file structure

Included here are the spatial data as shapefiles (.shp) files for the three types of location data (HOLR, GPS and GNSS), two .csv files that were produced as intermediate steps during data analysis (*OTM Error Independent Long.csv* and *OTM GPS Locations.csv*), and the R code used to process, analyze a...

在个体生物尺度上探究生态学问题，对于理解和预测环境条件变化的生物学后果至关重要。对于小型生物而言，这一任务颇具挑战——因为生态学家需要具备适当准确性、精密度和分辨率的工具，以记录和量化其生态相互作用。遗憾的是，现有许多工具仅适用于中型至大型生物或活动范围广泛的生物，这限制了我们在精细尺度上研究小型生物空间生态学的能力。在此，我们测试了一种用于在极精细（分米级）空间尺度上记录动物位置的新型工作流程，我们将其命名为高分辨率正射影像位置记录（High-resolution Orthomosaic Location Recording, HOLR）。HOLR工作流程将直接观测与在智能手机加载的高分辨率无人机（uncrewed aerial vehicle, UAV）影像上采集位置数据相结合。观测者识别影像中熟悉的景观特征并估算...

目标部署
我们在研究区域内布设了2.5厘米×15厘米的涂漆铜管。这些目标是可操作热模型（operative thermal models, OTMs），其最初是作为另一项研究的一部分用于测量研究区域的温度，但由于铜管的尺寸和外观与蜥蜴等小型细长动物相近，因此成为了合适的目标。我们在四个阶段中各布设了约28个目标，每个阶段持续约4周（总样本量n=111）。我们采用分层随机设计，确保目标位于研究区域内多种景观特征之中或周围，包括D. ingens洞穴丘（n=63）、D. ingens洞穴丘外（n=12）、灌木下（n=24）和冲沟内（n=12；图5）。洞穴丘外的特征类型几乎没有易于识别的视觉地标供观测者在定位时使用（图6a和b）。洞穴丘上的特征类型则有一些潜在地标，包括洞穴...

# HOLR测试位置数据与代码
[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m905qfv9s](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m905qfv9s)
本数据集包含用于测试高分辨率正射影像位置记录（HOLR）方法有效性的数据和代码。HOLR旨在作为一种野外采集亚米级位置数据的手段，其所需设备和成本均低于亚米级全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）设备，因此在生态学研究应用中更为实用。测试位置数据通过HOLR、消费级GPS接收器（作为对照）和高精度GNSS接收器（作为“真实位置”）采集。

## 数据与文件结构描述
此处包含三种位置数据（HOLR、GPS和GNSS）的shapefile（.shp）格式空间数据、数据分析过程中生成的两个中间.csv文件（*OTM Error Independent Long.csv*和*OTM GPS Locations.csv*），以及用于处理、分析...