Data Sheet 1_Anxiety, depression, and fear after coronavirus disease 2019 infection and their association with long coronavirus disease symptoms.pdf

IntroductionThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had widespread physical and psychological repercussions. Additionally, long COVID symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive impairment have been well-documented; however, their associations with mental health symptoms remain unclear. This study investigated the relationships between long COVID and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and COVID-19-related fear using validated psychological assessment tools.
MethodsThis nationwide, prospective cohort study enrolled 1,066 individuals who recovered from COVID-19. The participants completed self-report questionnaires at 3, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis. Long COVID symptoms and psychological status were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Statistical analyses were used to examine associations between long COVID symptoms and psychological scores while accounting for clinicodemographic factors.
ResultsThree months after diagnosis, 20.1% of the participants exhibited high anxiety (HADS-Anxiety [A] score ≥ 8), 23.6% had high depression (HADS-Depression [D] score ≥ 8), and 35.3% reported high levels of COVID-19-related fear (FCV-19S score ≥ 21). High HADS-A and HADS-D scores were significantly associated with younger age, female sex, and mild initial illness severity. Individuals with high HADS scores reported significantly greater long COVID symptoms; headaches and fatigue were associated with high anxiety scores and impaired concentration was associated with high depression scores.
ConclusionsThis study highlighted the significant associations between mental health symptoms and long COVID, emphasizing the need for integrated psychological support in post-COVID care. Addressing anxiety, depression, and fear-related concerns may contribute to improved management of long COVID symptoms and enhance overall patient well-being.

引言
2019冠状病毒病（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）大流行已产生广泛的躯体与心理影响。此外，疲劳、呼吸困难、认知障碍等长新冠（long COVID）症状已得到充分记录，但此类症状与心理健康症状之间的关联仍不明确。本研究采用经过验证的心理评估工具，探究了长新冠与焦虑、抑郁及新冠相关恐惧症状之间的关联。
方法
本项全国性前瞻性队列研究纳入了1066名新冠康复者。研究对象分别在确诊后3个月、6个月及12个月完成自评问卷。采用医院焦虑抑郁量表（Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS）与新冠恐惧量表（Fear of COVID-19 Scale, FCV-19S）评估长新冠症状与心理状态。研究通过统计分析，在校正临床人口学因素的前提下，探究长新冠症状与心理评分之间的关联。
结果
确诊后3个月时，20.1%的研究对象存在重度焦虑（医院焦虑抑郁量表-焦虑[A]评分≥8），23.6%存在重度抑郁（医院焦虑抑郁量表-抑郁[D]评分≥8），35.3%报告存在高水平新冠相关恐惧（新冠恐惧量表评分≥21）。高HADS-A与HADS-D评分与年轻年龄、女性性别及初始病情轻度严重程度显著相关。HADS评分较高的研究对象报告的长新冠症状更为显著：头痛与疲劳与高焦虑评分相关，而注意力受损与高抑郁评分相关。
结论
本研究证实了心理健康症状与长新冠之间存在显著关联，强调了新冠后照护中整合心理支持的必要性。针对焦虑、抑郁及恐惧相关问题进行干预，或有助于优化长新冠症状的管理，并提升患者整体健康水平。