Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2005 - Tajikistan

Abstract
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The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme developed by UNICEF to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular. MICS is capable of producing statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of social indicators. The current round of MICS is focused on providing a monitoring tool for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Fit for Children (WFFC), as well as for other major international commitments, such as the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on HIV/AIDS and the Abuja targets for malaria.

Survey Objectives
The 2005 Tajikistan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives:
- To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Tajikistan
- To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established in the Millennium Declaration, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action;
- To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Tajikistan and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Survey Content
MICS questionnaires are designed in a modular fashion that can be easily customized to the needs of a country. They consist of a household questionnaire, a questionnaire for women aged 15-49 and a questionnaire for children under the age of five (to be administered to the mother or caretaker). Other than a set of core modules, countries can select which modules they want to include in each questionnaire.

Survey Implementation
The surveys was carried out by The State Committee on Statistics of the Republic of Tajikistan, with the support and assistance of UNICEF and other partners. Technical assistance and training for the surveys is provided through a series of regional workshops, covering questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation; data processing; data quality and data analysis; report writing and dissemination.

Survey results
Results from the surveys, including national reports, standard sets of tabulations and micro level datasets will all be made widely available after completion of the surveys. Results from the surveys will also be made available in DevInfo format. DevInfo v5.0 is a powerful database system which has been adapted from UNICEF's ChildInfo technology to specifically monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. MICS Results will also be available through UNICEF's web site dedicated to monitoring the situation of children and women at www.childinfo.org. Results of the prior round of MICS can already be found at this site.

Geographic coverage
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The survey is nationally representative and covers the whole of Tajikistan.

Analysis unit
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Households (defined as a group of persons who usually live and eat together)

De jure household members (defined as memers of the household who usually live in the household, which may include people who did not sleep in the household the previous night, but does not include visitors who slept in the household the previous night but do not usually live in the household)

Women aged 15-49

Children aged 0-4

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) resident in the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The principal objective of the sample design was to provide current and reliable estimates on a set of indicators covering the four major areas of the World Fit for Children declaration, including promoting healthy lives; providing quality education; protecting against abuse, exploitation and violence; and combating HIV/AIDS. The population covered by the 2005-2006 MICS is defined as the universe of all women aged 15-49 and all children aged under 5. A sample of households was selected and all women aged 15-49 identified as usual residents of these households were interviewed. In addition, the mother or the caretaker of all children aged under 5 who were usual residents of the household were also interviewed about the child.The 2005 MICS collected data from a nationally representative sample of households, women and children. The primary focus of the 2005 MICS was to prodvide estimates of key population and health, education, child protection and HIV related indicators for the country as a whole, and for urban and rural areas separately. In additon, the sample was designed to provide estimates for each of the 5 regions for key indicators. Tajikistan is devided into 5 regions: Dushanbe (the capital), Direct Rule Districts (DRD), Sogd, Khatlon and Gorno Badakhshan (GBAO). Each of such division, for last census purposes, was further subdivided in convenient areas called “census section”, “instructor's sector” and “enumeration sector”(ESs). Each ES is either totally urban or rural. The list of ESs has census information on population information for each ES, and the ESs list are grouped by administrative unit. The size of the rural ES was 342 persons and the size of the urban ES was 378 persons. There were established 17923 ES in Tajikistan. The available demarcated cartographic material for each ES in localities with more than 5000 population made last census material as the most appropriate sample frame for the MICS2005.

The primary sampling unit (PSU) - or cluster - for the MICS2005 is defined on basis of ES from the 2000 census frame, as having one (or more) ES per PSU. The number of clusters selected in each region was not allocated proportional to the size of the region, but approximately equal number of clusters was allocated to each region due to the need to present estimates for each of the 5 regions. A total of 290 clasters and 6,960 households were selected. The primary sampling unit variable is the cluster (HH1). The sampling stratas can be identified using a combination of the region (HH7) and area (HH6) variables, e.g. stratum = HH7*10 + HH6.

A two-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample. The sampling domains are defined as urban and rural areas of each of the regions of Tajikistan. In the first stage, 290 PSU were selected in each stratum with equal probabilities. Within each cluster a fixed number of 24 households were selected. Updating of the list of households in each cluster was done prior to selection of the households. Since the distribution of clusters between sampling domains was not proportional to the census distribution of population and, consequently neither was the final household distribution, the sample is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used.

Following standard MICS data collection rules, if a household was actually more than one household when visited, then a) if the selected household contained two households, both were interviewed, or b) if the selected household contained 3 or more households, then only the household of the person named as the head was interviewd.

No replacement of households was permitted in case of non-response or non-contactable households. Adjustments were made to the sampling weights to correct for non-response, according to MICS standard procedures.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in the sampling design document and the sampling appendix of the final report.

Sampling deviation
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No major deviations from the original sample design were made. All sample enumeration areas were accessed and successfully interviewed with good response rates.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires for the Tajikistan MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS3 Model Questionnaire with some modifications and additions. A household questionnaire was administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age, relationship, and orphanhood status. The household questionnaire includes Household Listing, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household characteristics, Insecticide treated Net (ITN) , Child Labour, Child Discipline, Maternal Mortality, and Salt Iodization.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49 and children under age five. For children, the questionnaire was administered to the mother or caretaker of the child.

The women's questionnaire include Women's Characteristics, Child Mortality, Maternal and Newborn Health, Marriage and Union, Contraception, Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence, HIV knowledge, and Tuberculosis knowledge.

The children's questionnaire includes Children's Characteristics, Birth Registration and Early Learning, Child Development, Vitamin A, , Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, Malaria, Immunization, and Anthropometry.

The questionnaires were developed in Russian from the MICS3 Model Questionnaires, and were translated into Tajik. After an initial review the questionnaires were translated back into English by an independent translator with no prior knowledge of the survey. The back translation from the Russian version was independently reviewed and compared to the English original. Differences in translation were reviewed and resolved in collaboration with the original translators.

The Tajik and Russian questionnaires were both piloted as part of the survey pretest.

All questionnaires and modules are provided as external resources.

Cleaning operations
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Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing (see Other processing), including:
a) Office editing and coding
b) During data entry
c) Structure checking and completeness
d) Secondary editing
e) Structural checking of SPSS data files

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the data processing guidelines found in the MICS manual (please see http://www.childinfo.org/mics/mics3/manual.php)

Response rate
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Of the 6.968 households selected for the sample, 6.961 were found to be occupied. Of these, 6.684 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 96 percent. In the interviewed households, 10.626 women (age 15-49) were identified. Of these, 10.243 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. In addition, 4.370 children under the age of five were listed in the household questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 4.273 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 98 percent. Overall response rates of 93 and 94 percent are calculated for the women's and under-5's interviews respectively.

The household response rates are slightly higher in rural than in urban areas, 97 compared to 94 percent. The response rates in Dushanbe are a little lower than in others regions, due to the busy lifestyle of the respondents living in the capital city. The lowest women's response rate is noted in GBAO region, 88 percent. Differences between number of sampled and occupied households almost does not exist, thanks to the previously updated household listings.

Sampling error estimates
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Estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) non-sampling errors and 2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in the implementation of data collection and data processing. Numerous efforts were made during implementation of the 2005 MICS to minimize this type of error, however, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents to the 2005 MICS is only one of many possible samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differe somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability in the results of the survey between all possible samples, and, although, the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. The sampling erros are measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean or percentage), which is the square root of the variance. Confidence intervals are calculated for each statistic within which the true value for the population can be assumed to fall. Plus or minus two standard errors of the statistic is used for key statistics presented in MICS, equivalent to a 95 percent confidence interval.

If the sample of respondents had been a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulae for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2005 MICS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and consequently needs to use more complex formulae. The SPSS complex samples module has been used to calculate sampling errors for the 2005 MICS. This module uses the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. This method is documented in the SPSS file CSDescriptives.pdf found under the Help, Algorithms options in SPSS.

Sampling errors have been calculated for a select set of statistics (all of which are proportions due to the limitations of the Taylor linearization method) for the national sample, urban and rural areas, and for each of the five regions. For each statistic, the estimate, its standard error, the coefficient of variation (or relative error -- the ratio between the standard error and the estimate), the design effect, and the square root design effect (DEFT -- the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used), as well as the 95 percent confidence intervals (+/-2 standard errors).

Details of the sampling errors are presented in the sampling errors appendix to the report and in the sampling errors table presented in te external resources.

Data appraisal
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A series of data quality tables and graphs are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

Age distribution of the household population
Age distribution of eligible women and interviewed women
Age distribution of eligible children and children for whom the mother or caretaker was interviewed
Age distribution of children under age 5 by 3 month groups
Age and period ratios at boundaries of eligibility
Percent of observations with missing information on selected variables
Presence of mother inthe household and person interviewed for the under 5 questionnaire
School attendance by single year age
Sex ratio at birth among children ever born, surviving and dead by age of respondent
Distribution of women by time since last birth
Scatterplot of weight by height, weight by age and height by age
Graph of male and female population by single years of age
Population pyramid

The results of each of these data quality tables is shown in the appendix of the final report and is also given in the external resources section.

The general rule for presentation of missing data in the final report tabulations is that a column is presented for missing data if the percentage of cases with missing data is 1% or more. Cases with missing data on the background characteristics (e.g. education) are included in the tables, but the missing data rows are suppressed and noted at the bottom of the tables in the report (not in the SPSS output, however).

摘要
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联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）开发的多指标集群调查（MICS）是一项旨在帮助各国填补数据空白、监测人类发展状况，尤其是儿童和妇女状况的 household survey programme。MICS 能够生成具有统计学严谨性、国际上可比较的社会指标估计值。当前轮次的 MICS 旨在为千年发展目标（MDGs）、世界适宜儿童（WFFC）以及其他主要国际承诺（如联合国大会关于艾滋病特别会议（UNGASS）和疟疾的阿布贾目标）提供监测工具。

调查目标
2005 年塔吉克斯坦多指标集群调查的主要目标是：
- 为评估塔吉克斯坦儿童和妇女的状况提供最新信息
- 提供所需数据，以监测实现千年宣言、世界适宜儿童（WFFC）目标以及其他国际共识目标所取得的进展，作为未来行动的基础；
- 为改善塔吉克斯坦的数据和监测系统做出贡献，并加强设计、实施和分析此类系统的技术专长。

调查内容
MICS 问卷采用模块化设计，可根据国家需求轻松定制。它们包括 household questionnaire、针对 15-49 岁女性的问卷和针对 5 岁以下儿童的问卷（由母亲或监护人填写）。除了核心模块外，各国可以选择在每个问卷中包含哪些模块。

调查实施
该调查由塔吉克斯坦共和国国家统计局执行，得到了联合国儿童基金会和其他合作伙伴的支持和协助。通过一系列区域研讨会提供技术援助和培训，涵盖问卷内容、抽样和调查实施；数据处理；数据质量和数据分析；报告编写和传播。

调查结果
调查完成后，调查结果，包括国家报告、标准表格集和微观数据集都将公开发布。调查结果还将以 DevInfo 格式提供。DevInfo v5.0 是一个强大的数据库系统，它基于联合国儿童基金会的 ChildInfo 技术进行改编，旨在专门监测实现千年发展目标的进展。MICS 结果也将在联合国儿童基金会监测儿童和妇女状况的专用网站上提供，网址为 www.childinfo.org。先前一轮 MICS 的结果已可在该网站上找到。

地理覆盖范围
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调查是全国代表性的，覆盖整个塔吉克斯坦。

分析单元
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家庭（定义为通常共同生活和进餐的人员群体）

法定家庭成员（定义为通常居住在家庭中的人员，可能包括前一天晚上没有在家庭中过夜的人员，但不包括前一天晚上在家庭中过夜但通常不住在家庭中的访客）

15-49 岁女性

0-4 岁儿童

总体
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调查覆盖了所有法定家庭成员（常住居民）、所有居住在家庭中的 15-49 岁女性以及所有居住在家庭中的 0-4 岁儿童（5 岁以下）。