Supporting data for "Vaccine-induced host immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1"

Emerging infectious diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infections have caused global pandemics, underscoring the need for effective vaccines. To date, breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections and HIV-1 vaccine failures highlight the importance for a deeper understanding of vaccine-induced immune responses necessary for protection against natural escape variants with implications on viral transmissibility and antigen immunogenicity. In this study, I aim to address the critical issues of vaccine efficacy against variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical trial of a novel therapeutic vaccine to potentiate host immunity against HIV-1. I hypothesized that different vaccines may display different immunogenicity and durability against viral infection, which is important in determining their clinical applications.My data aimed to:1. Address critical issues related to approved vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in the real world;2. Investigate the impact of naturally occurring spike mutations on VOC infectivity and immunogenicity; and3. Assess the safety and immunogenicity of a novel PD-1-based therapeutic HIV vaccine in individuals living with HIV-1 with stable ART.

以严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2）和人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（human immunodeficiency virus-1, HIV-1）为代表的新发传染病曾引发全球大流行，凸显了研发高效疫苗的迫切需求。时至今日，新冠病毒突破性感染与HIV-1疫苗免疫失败的案例，凸显了深入解析疫苗诱导免疫应答的重要性——此类应答是抵御天然逃逸变异株的核心条件，而逃逸变异株的特征又与病毒传播能力、抗原免疫原性密切相关。本研究旨在解决两大关键议题：一是新冠病毒关切变异株（variants of concern, VOCs）相关的已获批疫苗保护效力问题，二是一款旨在增强HIV-1宿主免疫力的新型治疗性疫苗的临床试验。本研究提出假设：不同疫苗针对病毒感染的免疫原性与持久性存在差异，这一特性对评估其临床应用价值具有关键意义。本研究的数据旨在达成以下目标：1. 解析真实世界中已获批疫苗针对新冠病毒关切变异株的保护效力相关核心问题；2. 探究天然存在的刺突蛋白突变对新冠关切变异株感染性与免疫原性的影响；3. 评估一款新型基于程序性死亡受体1（PD-1）的治疗性HIV疫苗在接受稳定抗逆转录病毒治疗（antiretroviral therapy, ART）的HIV-1感染者中的安全性与免疫原性。