More than just double discrimination: a scoping review of the experiences and impact of ableism and racism in employment

Research has shed light on the employment barriers faced by individuals with disabilities, and by racialized people. The challenges faced by people belonging to both marginalized groups are less well-understood. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine existing research on labour market and workplace experiences of racialized people with disabilities, and to identify how ableism and racism intersect to shape employment experiences and outcomes. Seven international databases were searched, covering the period from 2000 to April 2022. Four reviewers independently conducted the screening, and data extraction and analysis were performed on 44 articles that met our inclusion criteria. The findings highlighted rates of workplace ableism and racism (including discrimination allegations and perceived discrimination); types and forms of experiences arising from the intersection of ableism and racism (including unique individual stereotyping and systemic and institutional discrimination); and the role of other demographic variables. The intersection of ableism and racism impacted labour market outcomes, well-being in the workplace, and career/professional advancement. Our review highlights the need for greater in-depth research focusing explicitly on the intersection of ableism and racism (and of other forms of discrimination), to better understand and address the barriers that racialized people with disabilities face in employment.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONThe experiences of racialized people with disabilities have been under explored, and clinicians and rehabilitation specialists should consider incorporating intersectionality into their practices to better understand and serve these populations.Ableism and racism do not operate in isolation, and clinicians and other professionals need to be aware that racialized people with disabilities may face unique challenges and barriers as a result.Service providers should aim to address gaps and inequities in services faced by racialized people with disabilities which may prevent them from finding and/or maintaining meaningful employment. The experiences of racialized people with disabilities have been under explored, and clinicians and rehabilitation specialists should consider incorporating intersectionality into their practices to better understand and serve these populations. Ableism and racism do not operate in isolation, and clinicians and other professionals need to be aware that racialized people with disabilities may face unique challenges and barriers as a result. Service providers should aim to address gaps and inequities in services faced by racialized people with disabilities which may prevent them from finding and/or maintaining meaningful employment.

现有研究已分别阐明了残障人士（individuals with disabilities）与种族化人群（racialized people）所面临的就业壁垒。然而，同时隶属于这两类边缘化群体的人群所遭遇的挑战，却尚未得到充分认知。
本次范围综述（scoping review）旨在梳理现有针对残障种族化人群的劳动力市场与职场经历相关研究，并阐明能力歧视（ableism）与种族主义（racism）如何通过交叉作用影响其就业经历与结果。
本研究检索了7个国际数据库，检索时限为2000年至2022年4月。由4名评审员独立完成文献筛选，并对符合纳入标准的44篇文献进行了数据提取与分析。
研究结果揭示了职场能力歧视与种族主义的发生情况（包括歧视指控与感知到的歧视）、能力歧视与种族主义交叉作用所产生的经历类型与表现形式（包括独特的个体刻板印象以及系统性与制度性歧视），以及其他人口统计学变量的影响作用。
能力歧视与种族主义的交叉作用会对劳动力市场结果、职场福祉以及职业发展造成负面影响。
本综述强调，亟需开展更具针对性的深入研究，聚焦能力歧视与种族主义（及其他形式的歧视）的交叉作用，以更好地理解并解决残障种族化人群在就业过程中面临的各类壁垒。

康复领域启示
残障种族化人群的职场经历尚未得到充分探索，临床医师与康复专科医师应考虑将交叉性（intersectionality）融入临床实践，以更好地理解并服务于该群体。
能力歧视与种族主义并非独立存在，临床医师及其他专业人员需意识到，残障种族化人群可能因此面临独特的挑战与壁垒。
服务提供方应致力于解决残障种族化人群在服务方面存在的差距与不平等问题，这些问题可能阻碍其获得并维持有意义的就业。
残障种族化人群的职场经历尚未得到充分探索，临床医师与康复专科医师应考虑将交叉性（intersectionality）融入临床实践，以更好地理解并服务于该群体。
能力歧视与种族主义并非独立存在，临床医师及其他专业人员需意识到，残障种族化人群可能因此面临独特的挑战与壁垒。
服务提供方应致力于解决残障种族化人群在服务方面存在的差距与不平等问题，这些问题可能阻碍其获得并维持有意义的就业。