Supplementary Material for: Macronutrient Intake and Inadequacies of Community-Dwelling Older Adults, a Systematic Review

Background: Anorexia of ageing may predispose older adults to under-nutrition and protein energy malnutrition. Studies, however, report a large variation in nutrient inadequacies among community-dwelling older adults. Summary: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the energy and macronutrient intakes and possible inadequacies in community-dwelling older adults. PubMed and EMBASE were screened up to December 2013; data from national nutrition surveys were added. Forty-six studies were included, following the PRISMA guideline. Key Messages: Mean daily energy intake was 8.9 MJ in men and 7.3 MJ in women. Mean daily carbohydrate and protein intakes were 46 and 15 En% in men and 47 and 16 En% in women, respectively. Mean daily total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and poly-unsaturated fatty acid intakes were respectively 34, 13, 13 and 5-6 En%. The carbohydrates and MUFA intakes are below the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR). Fat intake is relatively high, and SFA intake exceeds the upper-AMDR. Based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method, 10-12% of older adults do not meet the EAR for protein. To interpret a possible energy imbalance additional information is needed on physical activity, energy expenditure and body weight changes. This systematic review indicates a suboptimal dietary macronutrient distribution and a large variation in nutrient intakes among community-dwelling older adults.

背景：衰老相关性厌食（Anorexia of ageing）可能使老年人易罹患营养不足及蛋白质能量营养不良。然而现有研究显示，社区居住老年人的营养摄入不足情况存在较大差异。
摘要：本系统综述全面梳理了社区居住老年人的能量与宏量营养素摄入情况及其潜在摄入不足问题。本研究检索了截至2013年12月的PubMed及EMBASE数据库文献，并补充纳入了全国营养调查的数据。最终按照PRISMA指南共纳入46项研究。
核心结论：男性每日平均能量摄入量为8.9 MJ，女性为7.3 MJ。男性每日平均碳水化合物与蛋白质摄入量分别为46 En%和15 En%，女性则分别为47 En%和16 En%。男性每日平均总脂肪、饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）及多不饱和脂肪酸摄入量分别为34 En%、13 En%、13 En%及5-6 En%。碳水化合物与MUFA摄入量低于宏量营养素可接受分布范围（AMDR）；脂肪摄入量相对偏高，且SFA摄入量超出了AMDR上限。基于平均需要量（EAR）切点法，有10%-12%的老年人蛋白质摄入量未达到EAR推荐标准。若要评估可能存在的能量失衡，还需补充获取身体活动、能量消耗及体重变化相关信息。本系统综述表明，社区居住老年人的膳食宏量营养素分布欠佳，且营养摄入情况存在较大个体差异。