Supplementary file 2_Introducing the addictive daydreaming scale: development and Polish validation of the ADS-20 and ADS-5.pdf

Background and aimsMaladaptive daydreaming (MD) is a pattern of excessive, compulsive fantasizing associated with functional impairment. While its classification remains debated, increasing evidence suggests that it may be understood as an addictive form of emotion regulation. This study aimed to develop and validate a new self-report tool, grounded in the behavioral addiction framework, for screening and assessing the severity of MD, and to examine its potential clinical utility.
MethodsA mixed-clinical (N = 182) and non-clinical (N = 231) sample completed the Addictive Daydreaming Scale (ADS) in two forms: a 20-item full version (ADS-20) and a 5-item screening test (ADS-5), together with established measures of MD, quality of life, and self-rated impact of daydreaming.
ResultsPsychometric analyses confirmed that both the ADS-20 and ADS-5 demonstrated high reliability and strong content, criterion, and construct validity. ADS scores were more strongly correlated with both the psychological and social domains of quality of life than Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale scores, supporting its sensitivity to functional impairment. Cut-off scores of ≥42 (ADS-20) and ≥8 (ADS-5) showed good accuracy for identifying clinically significant cases.
ConclusionsThe ADS-20 and ADS-5 are reliable, valid instruments for identifying and assessing addictive features of maladaptive daydreaming. Their use may support improved clinical detection, assessing the severity of MD and help conceptualize it within the behavioral addictions framework.

研究背景与研究目的：适应不良性白日梦（Maladaptive Daydreaming, MD）是一种过度、强迫性的幻想模式，且会伴随社会功能受损。尽管其分类仍存在争议，但越来越多的证据表明，它可被视为一种成瘾性情绪调节方式。本研究旨在基于行为成瘾框架，开发并验证一款全新的自评工具，用于筛查适应不良性白日梦并评估其严重程度，同时考察其潜在临床应用价值。
研究方法：本研究招募了混合临床样本（n=182）与非临床样本（n=231），所有受试者均完成了两种形式的成瘾性白日梦量表（Addictive Daydreaming Scale, ADS）：20题完整版（ADS-20）与5题筛查版（ADS-5），同时完成了已验证的适应不良性白日梦、生活质量以及白日梦自我影响程度相关测评工具。
研究结果：心理测量学分析证实，ADS-20与ADS-5均表现出较高的信度，以及良好的内容效度、效标效度与结构效度。相较于现有适应不良性白日梦量表得分，ADS得分与生活质量的心理领域及社会领域均呈现更强的相关性，印证了其对功能受损的敏感性。当ADS-20的截断值≥42分、ADS-5的截断值≥8分时，对临床显著病例的识别具有良好的准确率。
研究结论：ADS-20与ADS-5均为可靠且有效的测评工具，可用于识别与评估适应不良性白日梦的成瘾特征。应用这两款量表可助力提升临床筛查效率，辅助评估适应不良性白日梦的严重程度，并有助于在行为成瘾框架下对其进行概念界定。