Table_1_Destructive Phytophthora on orchids: current knowledge and future perspectives.DOCX

Anton de Bary first coined the genus, Phytophthora, which means “plant destroyer”, viewing its devastating nature on potatoes. Globally plants have faced enormous threat from Phytophthora since its occurrence. In fact, a century ago, Phytophthorapalmivora was first reported on Dendrobium maccarthiae in Sri Lanka. Since then, members of beautiful flowering crops of the family Orchidaceae facing the destructive threat of Phytophthora. Several Phytophthora species have been recorded to infect orchids with economic loss worldwide. To date, orchids are attacked by 12 species of Phytophthora. Five Phytophthora species (P. palmivora, P. nicotianae, P. cactorum, P. multivesiculata, P. meadii) are the major pathogenic Oomycetous Chromista” rather than true fungi frequently occurred on Orchidaceae. Phytophthora palmivora (having ~32 orchid host genera in 15 countries), Phytophthora nicotianae (having ~15 orchid host genera in 16 countries), Phytophthora cactorum (having ~43 orchid host genera in 6 countries), Phytophthora multivesiculata (having 2 orchid host genera in 5 countries) and Phytophthora capsici (having 2 orchid host genera in all Vanilla growing countries) are potential destroyers of Orchidaceae. Most of them are water loving Oomycetes cause disease in moist environments (> 80% RH) at 16–28°C. In artificially constructed orchidaria, anthropogenic factors are mostly contributed to the dissemination Phytophthora diseases in addition to many other factors. Water management, clean cultivation, and agro-chemicals are the major options for effective management of orchid Phytophthora, as the eco-friendly management options like development of resistant hybrids/cultivars, biological disease management, transgenic approaches, RNAi technology remained in the infant stage. In this review, we intended to highlight the insight of Phytophthora diseases associated with the orchid disease with reference to the historical aspect of the diseases, symptoms and signs, the pathogens, taxonomy, geographic distribution, host range within the Orchidaceae, pathogen identification, molecular diagnostics, mating types and races, management options and strategies and future perspectives.

安托尼·德·巴里首次提出了Phytophthora属的命名，该属名意指“植物毁灭者”，鉴于其对土豆的破坏性影响。自其出现以来，全球植物一直面临着来自Phytophthora的巨大威胁。实际上，一个世纪前，Phytophthorapalmivora首次在斯里兰卡的Dendrobium maccarthiae上被发现。自那时起，兰科中美丽花卉的成员便面临着Phytophthora的破坏性威胁。已有多个Phytophthora物种被记录感染兰花，导致全球范围内经济损失。迄今为止，兰花受到12个Phytophthora物种的侵害。其中五个Phytophthora物种（P. palmivora、P. nicotianae、P. cactorum、P. multivesiculata、P. meadii）是主要的病原性Oomycetous Chromista，而非真正的真菌，它们频繁出现在兰科植物上。Phytophthora palmivora（拥有约32个兰属宿主种属，分布于15个国家），Phytophthora nicotianae（拥有约15个兰属宿主种属，分布于16个国家），Phytophthora cactorum（拥有约43个兰属宿主种属，分布于6个国家），Phytophthora multivesiculata（拥有2个兰属宿主种属，分布于5个国家）以及Phytophthora capsici（拥有2个兰属宿主种属，分布于所有香草种植国家）均是兰科的潜在毁灭者。其中大部分为喜水性的Oomycetes，在湿润环境中（相对湿度> 80%）于16-28°C的温度下引发疾病。在人工构建的兰花园中，除了其他许多因素外，人为因素在Phytophthora疾病的传播中占据了主要地位。水资源管理、清洁耕作和农业化学品是有效管理兰花Phytophthora的主要手段，而诸如开发抗性杂交种/栽培种、生物病害管理、转基因方法、RNA干扰技术等生态友好的管理选项仍处于起步阶段。在本综述中，我们旨在从疾病的历史角度、症状与体征、病原体、分类学、地理分布、在兰科中的宿主范围、病原体鉴定、分子诊断、交配型和菌系、管理选项和策略以及未来展望等方面，突出Phytophthora疾病与兰花疾病的相关性。