Replication data for: Planetary impacts: effects of the impact speed on the crater depth

Abstract: Planetary impacts have shaped the surfaces and interiors of planets. They were particularly decisive in the last stage of planetary accretion, as they have eventually formed terrestrial planets. During these large supersonic collisions, shock waves melted the impactor and the target, and formed silicate magma oceans. Because the propagation of shock waves and the melting is faster than the excavation of an impact crater, the cratering stage can be considered as a purely hydrodynamic process. Here, we use both laboratory impact experiments in water and numerical simulations to investigate the crater dimensions resulting from the impact of a liquid impactor onto a liquid target. We show that our numerical models reproduce the laboratory experiments at subsonic impact velocities. We then explore the effect of both the Froude number, which is the ratio of the impactor kinetic energy to gravity, and the Mach number, which is the ratio of the impact speed to the sound speed. We vary these two parameters independently in impact simulations, going from subsonic to supersonic conditions. We obtain a new scaling law for the crater dimensions that describes the transition from subsonic to supersonic impacts. Our results indicate that the transition between these two regimes results from a change in the partitioning of the impactor kinetic energy into potential energy in the crater and internal energy. Finally, our scaling suggests that, in the limit of large Mach numbers, the crater depth depends only on the sound velocity and gravity, and is independent of the impact speed. Dataset contains: - iSALE input files (asteroid & material files) - EoS parameters for the different materials tested - 2 outcome example files from iSALE simulations (E1_1 & E1_2) - a .xlsx version of the table of results in the manuscript

摘要：行星撞击塑造了行星的表面与内部结构，在行星吸积的最终阶段尤为关键——正是这类撞击最终形成了类地行星。在这类大型超音速碰撞过程中，冲击波会熔融撞击体与靶体，并形成硅酸盐岩浆洋。由于冲击波传播与熔融过程的速度快于撞击坑的挖掘过程，撞击成坑阶段可被视为纯流体力学过程。
本研究结合水下撞击实验室实验与数值模拟，探究液体撞击体撞击液体靶体所产生的撞击坑尺寸特征。我们证实，在亚声速撞击速度条件下，数值模型可复现实验室实验结果。随后，我们分别探究了弗劳德数（Froude number，即撞击体动能与重力的比值）以及马赫数（Mach number，即撞击速度与声速的比值）的影响。我们在撞击模拟中独立调整这两个参数，覆盖从亚声速到超音速的全部工况。我们得到了一条新的撞击坑尺寸定标律，可描述亚声速到超音速撞击的转变过程。研究结果表明，这两种撞击模式之间的转变源于撞击体动能向撞击坑势能与内能的分配方式发生改变。最后，该定标律表明，在马赫数极高的极限工况下，撞击坑深度仅取决于声速与重力，与撞击速度无关。
数据集包含：
- iSALE 输入文件（小行星与材料文件）
- 受试不同材料的状态方程（Equation of State，EoS）参数
- 2份iSALE模拟结果示例文件（E1_1与E1_2）
- 论文中结果表格的.xlsx格式文件