Muhammad Darwish, born in 1934 from al-Khader; and Mahmoud Saleh, born in 1919 from al-Khader; discussing the Ottoman period and World War I

Muhammad Darwish (born 1934 from al-Khader) and Mahmoud Saleh (born 1919 from al-Khader) interviewed by Talha Darwish (son of interviewee) on 2 April 2000. Muhammad Darwish discusses the following: his knowledge of the Ottoman period and World War I came from his father; military conscription involved taking Arabs to the army by force; people used to run away from conscription; his uncle married a woman from the Ta‘amra Bedouin tribes to avoid conscription (her surname was Mahameed), but when the war worsened he had pay 50 gold lira; different types of guns; men were taken to Iraq and Yemen during the war; marriage in those days was easy and not so expensivel; wedding customs including the use of a special camel, slaughtering a sheep for the engagement; people used to gather in their courtyards to tell stories; education consisted only of reading the Quran in the mosque and basic reading and writing; discusses dissemination of news – little information during the Ottoman period but during the British Mandate radios became more common; emigration from al-Khader to the Americas – required special papers to travel; when the British arrived in Palestine they gave people biscuits; men used to marry off their daughters to pay their debts or take a piece of land; local castle/fort where the Ottoman governor used to live; when Ottomans were defeated in the war they left boxes full of gold; building of the famous gate at the entrance to al-Khader in the Ottoman period; Russian pilgrims used to walk through the village on their way to Hebron. Mahmoud Saleh discusses the following: the Ottomans took people by force and made them walk or ride on camels to move from one place to another; his father was conscripted along with his friend; people started marrying foreign women to avoid conscription; when people got married the groom had to buy the clothes and the wedding dress, they killed goats and sheep, and the bride rode on a camel; when someone died they used to scream; every house had its own courtyard to meet, chat and serve coffee – foreigners used to take tours around all the courtyards; people used to help each other in their lives; education was conducted in the home and the teacher took wheat and food as payment; in the Ottoman period women used to harvest the fields; people emigrated overseas; people used to trade their daughters for a piece of land; medicines were made from herbs. Original audio recording: 4 cassette tapes. Transcript: word for word. In the original collection at Bethlehem University these cassette tapes were categorised as File 9 of Box 12. This fileset exists as part of the Ottoman Empire and the World War I collection within the Bethlehem University Oral History Project of the Planet Bethlehem Archive.

本口述历史素材由塔尔哈·达维什（Talha Darwish，受访对象之子）于2000年4月2日对穆罕默德·达维什（Muhammad Darwish，1934年生于赫德村（al-Khader））与马哈茂德·萨利赫（Mahmoud Saleh，1919年生于赫德村（al-Khader））开展访谈。

穆罕默德·达维什的口述内容涵盖：其关于奥斯曼时期与第一次世界大战的认知均来自父亲；征兵以强征阿拉伯人参军为形式，民众常为躲避征兵而逃亡；其叔父为规避征兵，迎娶了塔阿姆拉（Ta‘amra）贝都因人部落的女子马哈米德（Mahameed），但随着战事恶化，最终需支付50金里拉以了结相关事宜；不同种类的枪械；战争期间男性被强征至伊拉克与也门；当时的婚姻流程简便且成本低廉，婚礼习俗包括使用专用骆驼、订婚时屠宰绵羊；民众常聚集于庭院中讲述故事；当时的教育仅局限于在清真寺诵读《古兰经》与基础读写；新闻传播情况：奥斯曼时期信息流通极少，英国托管（British Mandate）时期收音机逐渐普及；从赫德村移民美洲需办理专用旅行证件；英军进驻巴勒斯坦时曾向民众分发饼干；男性常通过嫁女偿还债务，或以女儿换取土地；奥斯曼时期地方总督居住的本地城堡/堡垒；奥斯曼战败后遗下满载黄金的箱子；奥斯曼时期修建的赫德村入口标志性大门；俄罗斯朝圣者常途经该村前往希伯伦（Hebron）。

马哈茂德·萨利赫的口述内容涵盖：奥斯曼当局强征民众，以步行或骑乘骆驼的方式将其押送至各地；其父亲与友人一同被征召入伍；民众开始通过迎娶外籍女子以规避征兵；婚礼时新郎需购置衣物与婚纱，屠宰山羊与绵羊，新娘骑乘骆驼前往婚礼现场；有人离世时，亲友会高声恸哭；每户均设有专属庭院用于聚会、闲聊与提供咖啡，外国游客常游览各处庭院；民众平日互帮互助；当时的教育以家庭为场所，教师以收取小麦或食物作为授课报酬；奥斯曼时期女性负责田间收割；民众向海外移民；人们曾以嫁女换取土地；当时的药物由草本植物制成。

原始录音载体为4盒盒式录音带（cassette tapes），转录内容为逐字实录。该素材现存于伯利恒大学（Bethlehem University）馆藏中，分类为第12箱第9号档案。本文件集隶属于伯利恒星球档案馆（Planet Bethlehem Archive）下属的伯利恒大学口述历史项目中的奥斯曼帝国与第一次世界大战馆藏系列。