Data from: Detecting ancient co-dispersals and host shifts by double dating of host and parasite phylogenies: application in proctophyllodid feather mites associated with passerine birds

Inferring co-phylogeographic events requires matching the timing of these events on both host and symbiont (e.g., parasites) phylogenies because divergences of hosts and their symbionts may not temporally coincide, and host switches may occur. We investigate a large radiation of birds (Passeriformes) and their permanent symbionts, the proctophyllodid feather mites (117 species from 116 bird species; 6 genes, 11,468 nt aligned) using two time-calibration strategies for mites: fossils only and host phylogeography only. Out of 10 putative co-phylogeographic events 4 agree in timing for both symbiont and host events being synchronous co-origins or co-dispersals; 3 were based on host shifts, but agree in timing being very close to the origin of modern hosts; 2 disagree; and 1 large basal mite split was seemingly independent from host phylogeography. Among these events was an ancient (21-25.3 Mya), synchronous co-dispersal from the Old World leading to the origin and diversifications of New World emberizoid passerids and their mites, the thraupis+quadratus species groups of Proctophyllodes. Our framework offers a more robust detection of host and symbiont co-phylogeographic events (as compared to host-symbiont reconciliation analysis and using host phylogeography for time-calibration) and provides independent data for testing alternative hypotheses on timing of host diversification and dispersal.

推断协同系统地理学（co-phylogeographic）事件需要匹配宿主与共生体（symbiont，例如寄生虫）系统发育树中各对应事件的发生时间，因为宿主及其共生体的分化事件可能在时间上并不一致，且宿主转移（host switches）事件亦可能发生。本研究针对雀形目（Passeriformes）鸟类的大型辐射演化类群及其永久性共生体——皮翼螨科羽螨（proctophyllodid feather mites，共涉及116种鸟类的117种螨类；比对了6个基因的11468个核苷酸（nt）位点），采用两种螨类时间校准（time-calibration）策略开展研究：仅基于化石校准，以及仅基于宿主系统地理学校准。在10个推定的协同系统地理学事件中，4个事件的共生体与宿主事件在时间上完全匹配，属于协同起源或协同扩散；3个事件基于宿主转移假说，但其发生时间与现代宿主的起源极为接近；2个事件的时间匹配度不一致；另有1个大型基部螨类分化事件似乎独立于宿主系统地理学进程。其中一项发生于21~25.3百万年前（Mya）的古老协同扩散事件，源自旧世界，该事件促成了新世界鵐类雀形目鸟类及其共生螨类——Proctophyllodes属的thraupis+quadratus物种群的起源与辐射演化。相较于宿主-共生体协同匹配分析以及仅使用宿主系统地理学进行时间校准的方法，本研究框架能够更稳健地检测宿主与共生体的协同系统地理学事件，并为检验宿主分化与扩散时间的替代假说提供独立数据。