High resolution sulfur concentrations measured in the archived Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) ice core from 2100 to 2365 meter depth, 2017-2022

The overall objective of this research is to (1) develop high resolution measurements of a range of aerosol-related elements, chemical species, and isotopes in archived Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) ice corresponding to Greenland stadial and interstadial events 5 through 12 from the last Glacial period, and (2) use these measurements to better understand climate processes and feedbacks underlying rapid climate change events including the effects of biomass burning emissions. Fundamental to such research is linking these new GISP2 measurements to records in other deep ice cores, in particular the Antarctic West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide core record in which similar aerosol-related measurements have been made. This dataset contains sulfur concentrations measured at high depth resolution from 2100 to 2365 meter (m) in archived GISP2 ice. These were used for volcanic synchronization with other deep Arctic (NGRIP (North Greenland Ice Core Project), GRIP (Greenland Ice Core Project), NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling)) and Antarctic (EDML, EDC, WD (WAIS Divide)) ice cores with larger aim of improving understanding of the dynamics of the global climate system as described in Svensson et al. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2024). Sulfur was measured at high depth resolution in 265 m of GISP2 ice using a continuous ice core melter system coupled to an Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometer, and the continuous measurements were averaged to 4-centimeter depth resolution.

本研究的总体目标为：(1) 对末次冰期内格陵兰冰阶与间冰阶事件5至12的存档格陵兰冰芯项目2（Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two, GISP2）冰芯中的一系列气溶胶相关元素、化学组分及同位素开展高分辨率测量；(2) 利用上述测量结果，深入解析快速气候变化事件背后的气候过程与反馈机制，其中包括生物质燃烧排放的影响。此类研究的核心在于将这些新获取的GISP2冰芯测量数据与其他深层冰芯记录进行关联，尤其是此前已开展类似气溶胶相关测量的西南极冰盖（West Antarctic Ice Sheet, WAIS）分冰芯记录。本数据集包含从存档GISP2冰芯2100至2365米深度段测得的高深度分辨率硫浓度数据。该数据被用于与其他北极深层冰芯（北格陵兰冰芯项目(North Greenland Ice Core Project, NGRIP)、格陵兰冰芯项目(Greenland Ice Core Project, GRIP)、北格陵兰埃姆间冰期冰钻计划(North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling, NEEM)）以及南极深层冰芯（EDML、EDC、西南极冰盖分冰芯(WAIS Divide, WD)）开展火山活动同步定标，其最终目标是深化对全球气候系统动力学机制的理解，相关研究详见Svensson等人2024年发表于《第四纪科学评论（Quaternary Science Reviews）》的论文。研究团队采用耦合电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的连续冰芯熔融系统，对265米长的GISP2冰芯开展了高深度分辨率的硫含量测量，并将连续采集的测量结果整合为4厘米深度分辨率的数据集。