Data_Sheet_3_Adaptive Gaze Behavior and Decision Making of Penalty Corner Strikers in Field Hockey.PDF

In recent years, studies have increasingly dealt with the interaction of gaze behavior and decision making of team sports athletes. However, there is still a variety of important game situations, for example, in the case of penalty corners in field hockey, in which this interaction has not been investigated in detail yet. Penalty corners present a meaningful goal scoring opportunity by providing a relatively free shot. This paper considers two studies. The first study investigated a possible connection between the gaze behavior and the quality of decisions of experienced field hockey players and evaluated the level of success of different gaze strategies. A preliminary study (Study 1) was designed as a survey questionnaire with the aim of preparing for the main study by obtaining subjective assessments of the individual gaze behavior and decision making of professional athletes. In the second and the main study (Study 2), the gaze behavior of experienced field hockey players was recorded using mobile eye-tracking systems to analyze different strategical approaches in associated gaze behavior and decision making. Study 1 showed that players consider reacting to the defenders' behavior during a penalty corner a promising avenue for improving success at penalty corner attempts. It also indicated that such defense-dependent strategies are currently only rarely employed. Study 2 demonstrated how gaze behavior differs between different strategical approaches of the offense. It was shown that the gaze direction on the ball, the stopper, and the goal area is important to allow for a more optimal adaptation to the tactical behavior of defense. It can be concluded that adaptive decision making (i.e., choosing which variation will be carried out just after the “injection” of the ball) seems promising but requires further training to improve the success rate of penalty corner.

近年来，相关研究愈发聚焦于团体项目运动员的注视行为（gaze behavior）与决策行为（decision making）之间的交互关系。然而仍有诸多重要赛事场景尚未对该交互关系展开细致研究，例如曲棍球（field hockey）短角球（penalty corner）场景。曲棍球短角球可创造相对宽松的射门条件，是极具价值的得分契机。

本文共开展两项相关研究。第一项研究探究了资深曲棍球运动员的注视行为与决策质量间的潜在关联，并评估了不同注视策略的应用成效。本研究以问卷调查的形式开展预实验（研究1），旨在通过收集职业运动员对自身注视行为与决策行为的主观评价，为主实验的开展做好准备。在第二项即主实验（研究2）中，研究人员借助移动眼动追踪系统记录资深曲棍球运动员的注视行为，以分析不同战术策略下的注视行为与决策模式。

研究1结果显示，运动员认为在短角球过程中根据防守方的行动做出应对，是提升短角球射门成功率的可行路径。同时该研究也表明，此类依赖防守态势的战术策略目前仍较为少见。研究2则揭示了不同进攻战术策略下，运动员注视行为存在的差异。研究表明，将注视方向投向球、封堵球员与球门区域，有助于运动员更优化地适配防守方的战术行动。

综上可得出结论：适应性决策（adaptive decision making，即在球被"注入（injection）"后选择具体战术变体）看似具备应用前景，但仍需通过进一步训练以提升短角球的射门成功率。