Happiness estimates.

Analyses of physician well-being typically rely on small and unrepresentative samples. In April 2011, the UK Office for National Statistics incorporated subjective well-being metrics (SWB) into the Annual Population Survey (APS), a well-established survey. This survey includes variables from the labor market, making APS an ideal source for measuring the association between work hours and SWB metrics and comparing among different professionals. Using APS data from 2011/12 to 2014/15, this study examined the association between SWB levels and work hours using multiple linear models for physicians (primary care physicians and hospital doctors), lawyers, and accountants. Of the 11,810 observations, physicians were more satisfied, happier, and less anxious; females were more stressed (10.7%); and age was negatively associated with happiness and satisfaction. Incorporating information on preferences to work more hours (underemployment) did not affect physicians’ but worsened the well-being of other professionals (lawyers and accountants). Surveyed physicians were less anxious, happier, and more satisfied than lawyers or accountants before Covid. Although the total work hours did not alter the SWB metrics, overtime hours for other professionals did. Increasing the working hours of underemployed physicians (with appropriate compensation) could be a relatively inexpensive solution to tackle the shortage of health workers in the short run.

现有医师职业幸福感的相关分析研究，通常依赖规模偏小且不具备代表性的样本。2011年4月，英国国家统计局（UK Office for National Statistics）将主观幸福感指标（subjective well-being metrics，SWB）纳入成熟的年度人口调查（Annual Population Survey，APS）框架。该调查涵盖劳动力市场相关变量，使得APS成为测算工作时长与SWB指标间关联、并开展跨职业群体对比的理想数据源。本研究采用2011/12至2014/15年度的APS数据，通过多元线性模型，针对医师（全科医师与医院医师）、律师及会计三类群体，分析了SWB水平与工作时长的关联。在11810份观测样本中，医师群体的满意度、幸福感更高，焦虑感更低；女性群体的压力感知更强，该群体占比达10.7%；年龄与幸福感、满意度呈负相关关系。纳入"希望增加工作时长的就业不足（underemployment）"相关信息后，医师群体的幸福感未受显著影响，但律师、会计等其他职业群体的幸福感却出现恶化。新冠疫情（Covid）前，受访医师相较于律师与会计群体，焦虑感更低、幸福感与满意度更高。尽管总工作时长未对SWB指标产生显著影响，但其他职业群体的加班时长则会显著影响其SWB水平。对存在就业不足状况的医师群体（在给予合理薪酬补偿的前提下）适当增加其工作时长，可在短期内成为缓解卫生人力短缺问题的相对低成本方案。