Table_1_A Systematic Review of Multilevel Influenced Risk-Taking in Helicopter and Small Airplane Normal Operations.DOCX

The violation of aviation rules, particularly meteorological flight rules, can have fatal outcomes. Violation can sometimes be explained by intentional risk-taking, alternatively it can be the manifestation of a strategy to enhance performance and influence outcomes, such as saving time or fulfilling customer expectations. The aim of this study was to determine the types of risk-taking behavior within extant empirical research and identify multilevel antecedents related to risk-taking in the context of aviation operations, via a systematic literature review. 4,742 records were identified, which after screening resulted in the detailed consideration of 10 studies, three qualitative and seven quantitative studies, which met the eligibility criteria. Only published works were included in the review, thus the results may have been subject to publication bias, however, the types of risk taking within the research were consistent with that observed in Australian and New Zealand accident reports. The predominate risk-taking behavior was that of continuing Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flight into deteriorating conditions / Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). Multilevel influences could be categorized under two overarching themes, being “continuation influence” and “acceptance of risk / normalization of deviance.” One or both themes was consistently observed across the finding in all studies, although precaution should be given to the relative frequency of the reported associations. This review indicates the value of considering the social and organizational influences on risk-taking, and suggests avenues for future research, in particular exploring the influences through a Self-Determination Theory (SDT) lens.

违反航空规则，尤其是气象飞行规则，可引发致命后果。违规行为有时源于有意为之的冒险行为，亦可能是为提升作业绩效、优化任务结果（如节省作业时间或满足客户期望）而采取的策略的具体表现。本研究通过系统文献综述，旨在梳理现有实证研究中的冒险行为类型，并识别航空运营场景下与冒险行为相关的多层前置因素。研究初始共检索到4742条相关记录，经筛选后最终纳入符合入选标准的10项研究，其中3项为定性研究，7项为定量研究。本综述仅纳入已发表文献，因此研究结果可能存在发表偏倚，但研究中观测到的冒险行为类型与澳大利亚和新西兰航空事故报告中的记录相符。最主要的冒险行为类型为：继续按照目视飞行规则（Visual Flight Rules, VFR）飞行，进入恶化的气象条件/仪表气象条件（Instrument Meteorological Conditions, IMC）。多层级影响因素可归纳为两大核心主题：“延续性影响”与“风险接受/越轨行为正常化”。尽管需注意报告中关联关系的相对出现频率，但所有研究的结果均一致观测到上述一个或两个主题的存在。本综述凸显了考量社会与组织因素对冒险行为影响的重要价值，并为未来研究指明了方向，尤其是通过自我决定理论（Self-Determination Theory, SDT）视角探索相关影响机制。