Data from: A jungle tale: molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates of the Desmopsis - Stenanona clade (Annonaceae) in Mesoamerica

The predominantly Asian tribe Miliuseae (Annonaceae) includes over 37 Neotropical species that are mainly distributed across Mesoamerica, from southern Mexico to northern Colombia. The tremendous ecological and morphological diversity of this clade, including ramiflory, cauliflory, flagelliflory, and clonality, suggests adaptive radiation. Despite the spectacular phenotypic divergence of this clade, little is known about its phylogenetic and evolutionary history. In this study we used a nuclear DNA marker and seven chloroplast markers, and maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods to reconstruct a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny of tribe Miliuseae, especially focusing on the Desmopsis-Stenanona clade. We also perform ancestral area reconstructions to infer the biogeographic history of this group. Finally, we use ecological niche modeling, lineage distribution models, and niche overlap tests to assess whether geographic isolation and ecological specialization influenced the diversification of lineages within this clade. We reconstructed a monophyletic Miliuseae that is divided into two strongly supported clades: (i) a Sapranthus-Tridimeris clade and (ii) a Desmopsis-Stenanona clade. The colonization of the Neotropics and subsequent diversification of Neotropical Miliuseae seems to have been associated with the expansion of the boreotropical forests during the late Eocene and their subsequent fragmentation and southern displacement. Further speciation within Neotropical Miliuseae out of the Maya block seems to have occurred during the last 15 million years. Lastly, the geographic structuring of major lineages of the Desmopsis-Stenanona clade seems to have followed a climatic gradient, supporting the hypothesis that morphological differentiation between closely related species resulted from both long-term isolation between geographic ranges and adaptation to environmental conditions.

以亚洲类群为主的木瓣树族（Miliuseae，番荔枝科Annonaceae）包含逾37个新热带区物种，其分布主要横跨中美洲，范围从墨西哥南部延伸至哥伦比亚北部。该演化支（clade）展现出极为丰富的生态与形态多样性，涵盖枝生花、茎生花、鞭生花及无性繁殖等特征，提示其经历了适应性辐射。尽管该类群表型分化显著，学界对其系统发育与演化历史却知之甚少。本研究利用核DNA标记与7个叶绿体标记，结合最大简约法、最大似然法及贝叶斯推断方法，构建了木瓣树族全面的时间校准系统发育树，尤其聚焦于德斯莫番荔枝属-斯坦诺番荔枝属分支（Desmopsis-Stenanona clade）。我们还开展了祖先区域重建，以推断该类群的生物地理历史。最后，我们通过生态位建模、谱系分布模型及生态位重叠测试，评估地理隔离与生态特化是否影响了该演化支内的谱系分化。本研究重建得到单系木瓣树族，其分为两个支持度极高的演化支：(i) 萨普拉番荔枝属-三数番荔枝属分支（Sapranthus-Tridimeris clade），以及(ii) 德斯莫番荔枝属-斯坦诺番荔枝属分支（Desmopsis-Stenanona clade）。新热带区的殖民定殖以及后续新热带区木瓣树族的多样化过程，似乎与始新世晚期北方热带森林的扩张，及其后续的碎片化与南移过程密切相关。新热带区木瓣树族脱离玛雅地块的进一步物种形成事件，似乎发生在过去1500万年期间。综上，德斯莫番荔枝属-斯坦诺番荔枝属分支主要谱系的地理结构似乎遵循气候梯度分布，这支持了“近缘物种间的形态分化，源于地理分布范围的长期隔离以及对环境条件的适应性演化”这一假说。