R Truth table.

A comprehensive analysis of the systemic causes of safety accidents in sports tourism on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is significant for high-quality development. Utilizing 32 verified accident cases (2010–2025) in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, this study extracted six critical factors through content analysis: organizational professionalism, rescue capacity, management systems, natural environment, tourist vulnerability, and tourist behavior. The Swiss Cheese Model (SCM) analyzed latent/active failures through case reports and regional environmental data, while the fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) deciphered nonlinear configuration paths across six factors. The results reveal that sports tourism accidents in Tibet arise from the coupling of multiple factors. Specifically, the combination of six influencing factors constitutes the causal paths for severe and general accidents. Among these factors, environmental factors and tourist characteristics are key contributors to accidents. Based on these findings, it is essential to establish a sports tourism risk prevention system for Tibet, which should comprise four layers: natural defense, behavioral defense, managerial defense, and rescue defense. This study deepens the understanding of sports tourism safety accidents on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It integrates the SCM and the fsQCA method, contributing to sports tourism safety research. The proposed risk prevention system provides useful references for local safety management. Future research can focus on the dynamic changes of influencing factors and test the research framework and risk prevention system’s applicability in other similar areas.

针对青藏高原体育旅游安全事故的系统性成因开展综合分析，对行业高质量发展具有重要意义。本研究以中国西藏自治区2010—2025年间经核实的32起事故案例为样本，通过内容分析法提炼出六大核心影响因素：组织专业性、救援能力、管理体系、自然环境、游客脆弱性与游客行为。借助瑞士奶酪模型（Swiss Cheese Model, SCM），结合事故报告与区域环境数据对潜在失效与主动失效进行分析；同时采用模糊集定性比较分析（fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, fsQCA），解析六大因素间的非线性组态路径。研究结果表明，西藏体育旅游事故由多因素耦合作用引发。具体而言，六大影响因素的组合构成了重大与一般事故的因果路径。其中，环境因素与游客特征是事故发生的关键诱因。基于上述研究结论，西藏亟需构建涵盖自然防控、行为防控、管理防控与救援防控四层架构的体育旅游风险防控体系。本研究深化了对青藏高原体育旅游安全事故的认知，整合了瑞士奶酪模型与模糊集定性比较分析方法，为体育旅游安全研究领域作出了有益贡献，所提出的风险防控体系可为当地安全管理工作提供重要参考。未来可围绕影响因素的动态变化展开研究，并验证本研究框架与风险防控体系在其他相似区域的适用性。