Smoluchowski temperature and Maxwell velocity slip impacts on magneto-radiative Fe3O4-Al2O3-Cu/H2O tri-hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking surface with entropy generation: a stability performance

This investigation aims to find entropy production and to determine the existence of a dual solution in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) thermal radiative tri-hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially shrinking surface by considering suction effects at the surface. Furthermore, the effects of Smoluchowski temperature and Maxwell velocity slip are considered. The products on various flow fields are examined for three different types of fluid: mono nanofluid (Fe3O4/H2O), hybrid nanofluid (Fe3O4-Al2O3/H2O), and tri-hybrid nanofluid (Fe3O4-Al2O3-Cu/H2O). The similarity transformation translates the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The numerical MATLAB function bvp4c is utilized to construct and solve governing higher-order nonlinear ODEs. A tabular and graphical analysis is conducted on the impact of emergent factors on velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and entropy generation. The acceptable parameter ranges for the computation are as follows: 0.01

本研究旨在探究磁流体动力学（MHD）热辐射三元混合纳米流体在指数收缩壁面受抽吸作用下的熵产特性，并判定对偶解的存在性。此外，本研究同时考虑斯莫卢霍夫斯基（Smoluchowski）温度效应与麦克斯韦速度滑移（Maxwell velocity slip）条件。针对单纳米流体（Fe3O4/H2O）、混合纳米流体（Fe3O4-Al2O3/H2O）以及三元混合纳米流体（Fe3O4-Al2O3-Cu/H2O）这三种流体类型，对其各流动场的相关特性展开分析。通过相似性变换将非线性偏微分方程（PDEs）转化为一组常微分方程（ODEs），并采用MATLAB内置数值函数bvp4c构建并求解控制高阶非线性常微分方程组。通过表格与图形分析手段，探究各影响参数对速度场、温度场、皮肤摩擦系数、努塞尔数以及熵产的影响规律。本次计算的可接受参数范围如下：0.01