Data from: Hummingbirds control turning velocity using body orientation and turning radius using asymmetrical wingbeat kinematics

AbstractTurning in flight requires reorientation of force, which birds, bats and insects accomplish either by shifting body position and total force in concert or by using left–right asymmetries in wingbeat kinematics. Although both mechanisms have been observed in multiple species, it is currently unknown how each is used to control changes in trajectory. We addressed this problem by measuring body and wingbeat kinematics as hummingbirds tracked a revolving feeder, and estimating aerodynamic forces using a quasi-steady model. During arcing turns, hummingbirds symmetrically banked the stroke plane of both wings, and the body, into turns, supporting a body-dependent mechanism. However, several wingbeat asymmetries were present during turning, including a higher and flatter outer wingtip path and a lower more deviated inner wingtip path. A quasi-steady analysis of arcing turns performed with different trajectories revealed that changes in radius were associated with asymmetrical kinematics and forces, and changes in velocity were associated with symmetrical kinematics and forces. Collectively, our results indicate that both body-dependent and -independent force orientation mechanisms are available to hummingbirds, and that these kinematic strategies are used to meet the separate aerodynamic challenges posed by changes in velocity and turning radius., Usage notesRaw data and scripts for data processingThe Data directory contains raw xyz coordinate data and python scripts for processing data for analysis.Data.zipAnalysisR and python scripts for analyzing the processed raw data, includes mixed model ANOVAs and generation of figures.READMEThe README file contains descriptions of all files included in the Data and Analysis directories as well as instructions for reproducing analyses.

摘要 飞行中的转向需要实现力的重新定向，鸟类、蝙蝠与昆虫可通过两种途径完成该过程：一是协同调整身体姿态与总作用力，二是利用翼振运动学（wingbeat kinematics）的左右不对称性。尽管两种机制已在多个物种中被观测到，但目前尚不清楚二者各自如何用于控制飞行轨迹的变化。本研究通过测量蜂鸟追踪旋转喂食器时的身体姿态与翼振运动学数据，并借助准稳态模型（quasi-steady model）估算空气动力学作用力，解决了这一问题。在弧形转向过程中，蜂鸟会使双侧翅膀的挥击平面（stroke plane）与身体同步向转向侧对称倾斜，该结果支持了依赖身体姿态的转向机制。不过转向过程中仍存在多种翼振不对称现象，具体表现为外侧翼尖轨迹更高且更平缓，内侧翼尖轨迹更低且偏离程度更大。针对不同轨迹的弧形转向所开展的准稳态分析显示，转向半径的变化与不对称运动学及作用力相关，而飞行速度的变化则与对称运动学及作用力相关。综合来看，本研究结果表明，蜂鸟可同时采用依赖身体姿态与不依赖身体姿态的力定向机制，且这些运动学策略可分别应对由飞行速度变化与转向半径变化所带来的空气动力学挑战。
使用说明
原始数据与数据处理脚本
Data 目录包含原始xyz坐标数据与用于处理分析数据的Python脚本。
Data.zip
分析
Analysis 目录包含用于分析已处理原始数据的R与Python脚本，涵盖混合模型方差分析（mixed model ANOVAs）与图表生成功能。
README
README 文件包含Data与Analysis目录中所有文件的说明，以及复现分析流程的操作指南。