Case 1 - Cylindrical 3D DEM Models, in 3D Distinct Element Method (DEM) Models of Ground Surface Deformation Associated with Thrust and Reverse Fault Earthquakes

We investigate the influence of fault dip, sediment depth, sediment strengths, and obliquity on the along-strike variability of fault scarp morphologies observed during thrust and reverse fault earthquakes. We use 3D Distinct Element Method (DEM) models of near surface sediment. These experiments cover 4 main cases: 1, cylindrical models on a planar fault at depth; 2, variable fault dip from 20º to 70º changing in 1º increments along-strike; 3, variable fault seed height present along-strike; 4, increasing obliquity (30º, 45º, 60º) of the fault rotated relative to the orientation of slip on a planar fault at depth. These models were created in PFC3D version 7.0.

WARNING: These datasets are very large as they contain the raw DEM data outputs and model states. If you are seeking the surface deformation measurements from the DEM models, those are contained in the 'Surface Deformation Characteristics' CSV file.

See related work for a discussion of some of these 3D DEM models:
Chiama, K., Plesch, A., Shaw, J.H. (2025) Along‐Strike Variability of Surface Deformation on Thrust and Reverse Fault Ruptures: Insights from 3D Distinct Element Method Models. Seismological Research Letters 2025; doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220250173

本研究围绕逆冲与逆断层地震中观测到的断层崖地貌沿走向变化特征，系统分析其受断层倾角、沉积物埋深、沉积物强度与斜度的影响机制。本研究采用近地表沉积物的三维离散元法（Distinct Element Method, DEM）模型开展模拟实验，共涵盖4类核心工况：
1. 深部平面断层上的圆柱模型；
2. 沿走向以1°为步长，倾角从20°至70°连续变化的变倾角断层模型；
3. 沿走向存在可变初始隆起高度的断层模型；
4. 相对于深部平面断层滑动方向，断层斜度依次递增（30°、45°、60°）的模型。

所有模型均基于PFC3D 7.0版本构建。

重要提示：本数据集包含原始DEM输出数据与模型状态文件，体积较大。若需获取DEM模型对应的地表变形测量数据，请查阅《Surface Deformation Characteristics》CSV文件。

相关3D DEM模型的详细讨论可参阅以下文献：
Chiama K, Plesch A, Shaw JH. (2025) Along-Strike Variability of Surface Deformation on Thrust and Reverse Fault Ruptures: Insights from 3D Distinct Element Method Models. Seismological Research Letters, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220250173