Maternal and neonatal characteristics of study participants.

Data presented are means ± SD, or n (%). GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus.
P values in Chi-square tests for differences in proportions for categorical variables, and t-tests for differences in means for continuous variables with normal data distribution, and Wilcoxon tests for differences in continuous variables with skewed data distribution.

本研究呈现的数据以均值±标准差（SD）或例数（百分比，n (%)）表示。GDM为妊娠糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus）的缩写。
分类变量的组间构成比差异采用卡方检验计算P值；对于服从正态分布的连续变量，组间均值差异通过t检验计算P值；对于呈偏态分布的连续变量，其组间差异则采用Wilcoxon检验计算P值。