The Possibility and Mechanistic Progress of Ischemic Preconditioning as a Means of Facilitating Sport Recovery in Athletes: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE: The selection of appropriate means of exercise recovery is of great importance in the field of sports, and post-exercise ischemia-reperfusion procedures have been shown to accelerate post-exercise recovery of body functions. However, the effect of ischemic preconditioning before athletic training or physical activity on the effect of post-exercise recovery has not been clearly defined.
METHODS: By the PRISMA and PeRSIST statements, the extant literature on ischemic preconditioning was collated and methodically arranged. The effects of ischemic preconditioning on post-exercise recovery and its potential physiological mechanisms were discussed and analyzed.
RESULTS: Ischemic preconditioning has been demonstrated to engender disparate levels of recovery effects, which in turn have been shown to result in subsequent improvements in exercise performance. This phenomenon has been attributed to the involvement of multiple pathways, including, but not limited to, elevated blood flow, which has been demonstrated to improve tissue oxygen supply and metabolic status, reduced exercise-induced muscle damage, decreased inflammatory response, and enhanced cardiac function. However, it should be noted that no significant effects were observed in some specific exercise protocols.
CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning, as a non-invasive intervention, is a simple process to perform and can be developed in the future as one of the adjuncts to facilitate inter-competition recovery and promote recovery in athletes for application in sports training and teaching practice.

研究目的：运动领域中选取适宜的运动后恢复手段至关重要。现有研究表明，运动后缺血再灌注程序可加速机体功能的运动后恢复，但运动训练或体力活动前实施缺血预处理（ischemic preconditioning）对运动后恢复效果的影响尚未明确。
研究方法：本研究依据PRISMA声明与PeRSIST声明，对现有缺血预处理相关文献进行系统整理与梳理，并就缺血预处理对运动后恢复的影响及其潜在生理机制展开探讨与分析。
研究结果：现有研究证实，缺血预处理可产生不同程度的恢复效果，进而可改善后续运动表现。该现象的潜在机制涉及多种通路，包括但不限于：提升血流量以改善组织氧供与代谢状态、减轻运动诱导的肌肉损伤、降低炎症反应以及增强心脏功能。但需注意，在部分特定运动方案中未观察到显著干预效果。
结论：缺血预处理作为一种无创干预手段，操作简便易行，未来可作为辅助恢复手段之一，用于促进运动员竞赛间歇期恢复与运动后恢复，进而应用于运动训练与教学实践当中。