Greenland ice sheet surface roughness parameters and RACMO2.4p1 daily maps (5.5 km), hourly vertical profiles (40 levels) and sub-hourly surface parameters for various surface roughness parameterisations in 2021 in Greenland

This data set includes daily surface variables on the Greenland ice sheet, as well as hourly vertical profiles in the atmosphere and sub-hourly surface variables at specific locations, simulated by the regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2.4p1 over Greenland in 2021, and in July-August 1991. At the lateral boundaries, RACMO is forced with ERA5 multilevel data of wind speed, temperature, humidity and pressure. At the sea-surface boundary, sea ice extent and sea surface temperature are also forced by ERA5. RACMO is run with 40 vertical levels and on an 5.5 km horizontal resolution grid. The map of aerodyamic roughness length (z0m) derived from ICESat-2 is given in the FGRN055_masks_z0m.nc file. This file contains the following roughness variables over the Greenland ice sheet: H: obstacle heightsigmas: standard_deviation_unresolved_topographystd: standard_deviation_resolved_topographyz0m: aerodynamic_roughness_length Data from three simulations are given: 1) from the default RACMO2.4p1 model with constant surface roughness, 2) from RACMO2.4p1 run with modified aerodynamic roughness values for snow and ice over the Greenland ice sheet, 3) from RACMO2.4p1 run with modified aerodynamic roughness values and scalar roughness values for snow and ice over the Greenland ice sheet. Variables are daily-averaged for maps and instantenous for the data extracted at specific locations. Variables ending with ‘gl’ are for glaciated surfaces only. Integrating a variable over the domain (e.g., calculating the SMB in Gigaton per month) requires multiplying the variable with the grid cell area (‘Area’) and ice mask (‘IceMask’) fields, both can be found in the FGRN055_masks_z0m.nc file. The ice mask is a fractional field since RACMO2.4p1. If limiting the integration to the ice sheet only, the considered variable has to be multiplied with the ‘Icesheet_Only’ field that is also available in the mask file, in addition to multiplying it with the grid cell area and ice mask. The mask file includes more fields, which are also listed below. Unlisted variables and listed variables with a higher temporal resolution are available on request. This data set includes the following daily variables: Surface mass balance (SMB) variables (in kg m-2 s-1 or mm water equivalent s-1): To convert to kg m-2 day-1 , multiply by the amount of seconds per day. smbgl: (Specific) Surface mass balance totrunoff: (Near-)surface meltwater runoff on glaciated surfaces Surface Energy Budget (SEB) variables (in W m-2): hfssgl: Sensible heat flux, defined positive towards the surface Meteorological variables : tas: 2 m air temperature tsgl: surface (skin) temperature uas: 10 m zonal (eastward) wind speed vas: 10 m meridional (northward) wind speed wspd: 10m horizontal wind speed This data set contains the hourly vertical profiles and subhourly surface parameters at the following sites: 1. IMAU K-transect Site Latitude Longitude S4 67.096 -50.182 S5 67.094 -50.069 SHR 67.096 -49.957 S6 67.079 -49.407 S7 66.991 -49.168 S8 67.006 -48.889 S9 67.053 -48.267 S10 67.006 -47.020 2. IMAU Other Sites Site Latitude Longitude S22 78.900 -22.380 S23 78.920 -21.450 S20 66.360 -39.310 3. PROMICE K-transect Site Latitude Longitude KAN_B 67.125 -50.183 KAN_L 67.094 -49.960 KAN_M 67.068 -48.845 KAN_U 67.001 -47.031 4. PROMICE Other Stations Site Latitude Longitude KPC_L 79.911 -24.083 KPC_U 79.835 -25.166 EGP 75.625 -35.975 SCO_L 72.223 -26.818 SCO_U 72.393 -27.233 MIT 65.692 -37.828 TAS_L 65.640 -38.899 TAS_U 65.698 -38.867 TAS_A 65.779 -38.899 QAS_M 61.100 -46.833 QAS_U 61.175 -46.819 QAS_A 61.243 -46.733 QAS_L 61.031 -46.849 NUK_L 64.482 -49.536 NUK_U 64.511 -49.269 NUK_K 64.162 -51.359 NUK_N 64.945 -49.885 UPE_L 72.893 -54.295 UPE_U 72.888 -53.578 THU_L 76.400 -68.266 THU_U 76.412 -68.146 5. GC-Net Stations Site Latitude Longitude CEN 77.130 -61.030 Swiss_Camp 69.565 -49.331 Crawford_Point1 69.8783 -46.997 NASA_U 73.841 -49.507 GITS 77.138 -61.040 Humboldt 78.527 -59.997 Summit 72.580 -38.505 Tunu_N 78.016 -33.983 DYE_2 66.480 -46.283 JAR_1 69.495 -49.704 Saddle 66.000 -44.502 South_Dome 63.149 -44.817 NASA_E 75.001 -29.997 NASA_SE 66.475 -42.499 JAR_2 69.415 -50.093 Petermann_Gl 80.684 -60.293 NEEM 77.502 -50.874 6. Radiosonde Locations Site Latitude Longitude PITUFFIK 76.533 -68.750 AASIAAT 68.708 -52.852 KANGERLUSSUAK 67.000 -50.800 NARSARSUAQ 61.167 -45.417 DANMARKSHAVN 76.769 -18.668 ITTOQQORTOORMIIT 70.484 -21.951 TASIILAQ 65.611 -37.637 GEOSUMMIT 72.580 -38.459 ALERT_UA 82.500 -62.333 JAN_MAYEN 70.940 -8.668 KEFLAVIKURFLUGVOLLUR 63.981 -22.595 NY_ALESUND 78.923 11.922 7. Historical USAF Stations Site Latitude Longitude DYE_1 66.633 -52.867 DYE_3 65.183 -43.833 DYE_4 65.517 -37.167 8. FLUXNET Stations Site Latitude Longitude GL_NuF 64.131 -51.386 GL_ZaF 74.481 -20.554 GL_ZaH 74.473 -20.550 9. EGIG Point Site Latitude Longitude Camp_IV 69.667 -49.617 10. Extra points Site Latitude Longitude GIMEX_1 67.07409 -50.25927 KAN_T 67.1438 -50.0354 The hourly data contains the following variables: height: Height of Full Model Layer (m) uu: Zonal Wind Speed (m s-1) vv: Meridional Wind Speed (m s-1) omega: Vertical Velocity (Pa s-1) tt: Temperature (K) qv: Specific Humidity (kg kg-1) ql: Specific Liquid Water Content (kg kg-1) qi: Specific Ice Content (kg kg-1) qs: Specific Snow Water Content (kg kg-1) qr: Specific Rain Content (kg kg-1) cl: Cloud Fraction reffi: Effective radius ice clouds (m) reffl: Effective radius liquid clouds (m) snwvel: Velocity profile in snow drift (m s-1) snwhgt: Canopy heights in snow drift (m) snwtmp: Temperature profile in snow drift (K) snwvap: Specific humidity profile in snow drift (kg kg-1) snwrvap: Relative humidity profile in snow drift snwtrds: Snow transport in snow drift (kg m-1 s-1) snwsubl: Snow sublimation in snow drift (mm s-1) sndqb: Blowing snow mixing ratio (kg kg-1) sndn: Blowing snow particle number concentration (m-3) tsa: Soil Temperature (K) wsa: Soil Moisture (m3 m-3) tia: Sea Ice Temperature (K) tskti: Tiled Skin Temperature (K) ahfsti: Tiled Sensible Heat Flux (W m-2) evapti: Tiled Evaporation (kg m-2 s-1) frti: Tiled Fractional Area The sub-hourly data contains the following variables: lsm: Land Sea Mask psurf: Surface Pressure (Pa) tl: Skin Temperature (K) wl: Skin Reservoir Content (kg m-2) sst: Sea Surface Temperature (K) ci: Sea Ice Fraction (1) asn: Snow Albedo alb: Surface Albedo mu0: Cosine Solar Zenith Angle pblh: Planetary Boundary Layer Height (m) ustar: Friction velocity (ustar) (m s-1) u10m: 10-meter Zonal Wind Speed (m s-1) v10m: 10-meter Meridional Wind Speed (m s-1) f10m: 10-meter Wind Speed (m s-1) d10m: 10-meter Wind Direction (degree) t2m: 2-meter Temperature (K) td2m: 2-meter Dewpoint Temperature (K) q2m: 2-meter Specific Humidity (kg kg-1) rh2m: 2-meter Relative Humidity rsn: Snow Density uppermost layer (kg m-3) tsn: Snowpack Temperature uppermost layer (K) resng: Snow grain size of uppermost snow layer (m) ustartrho: Threshold friction velocity (m s-1) prsn: Density of top 5 cm of snow (kg m-3 suds: Drifting snow sublimation (mm s-1) trds: Drifting snow horizontal transport (kg m-1 s-1) sndiv: Drifting snow erosion (mm s-1) sussn: Vertically integrated suspended snow (kg m-2) tcc: Total Cloud Cover lcc: Low-Level Cloud Cover mcc: Mid-Level Cloud Cover hcc: High-Level Cloud Cover qvi: Water Vapour Column (kg m-2) qli: Liquid Water Path (kg m-2) qii: Ice Water Path (kg m-2) qsi: Snow Water Path (kg m-2) qri: Rain Water Path (kg m-2) qci: Liquid+Ice Water Path (kg m-2) preccv: Convective Precipitation (kg m-2) precls: Large-Scale Precipitation (kg m-2) precip: Total Precipitation (kg m-2) snowcv: Convective Snowfall (kg m-2) snowls: Large-Scale Snowfall (kg m-2) snowfall: Total Snowfall (kg m-2) evap: Evaporation (kg m-2) roffd: Deep Runoff (kg m-2) roffs: Surface Runoff (kg m-2) runoff: Total Runoff (kg m-2) runoffgl: Runoff (glaciated) (kg m-2) melt: Water Flux corresponding to Melt (kg m-2) meltgl: Melt flux (glaciated) (kg m-2) senf: Sensible Heat Flux (W m-2) latf: Latent Heat Flux (W m-2) swsd: Incoming SW Radiation at Surface (W m-2) swsn: Net SW Radiation at Surface (W m-2) swsu: Reflected Solar Radiation at Surface (W m-2) sw0d: Incoming SW Radiation at TOA (W m-2) sw0n: Net SW Radiation at TOA (W m-2) sw0u: Reflected Solar Radiation at TOA (W m-2) lwsd: Downwelling LW Radiation at Surface (W m-2) lwsn: Net LW Radiation at Surface (W m-2) lw0n: Outgoing LW Radiation at TOA (W m-2) lwsu: Emitted LW Radiation at Surface (W m-2) swsncf: Clear Sky Net SW Radiation at Surface (W m-2) sw0ncf: Clear Sky Net SW Radiation at TOA (W m-2) lwsncf: Clear Sky Net LW Radiation at Surface (W m-2) lw0ncf: Clear Sky Net LW Radiation at TOA (W m-2) swsdcf: Clear Sky Incoming SW Radiation at Surface (W m-2) lwsdcf: Clear Sky Downwelling LW Radiation at Surface (W m-2)