Psychosocial facets of resilience: implications for preventing posttrauma psychopathology, treating trauma survivors, and enhancing community resilience

There is a range of potential responses to stress and trauma. Whereas, on one extreme, some respond to stress and trauma by developing psychiatric disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD), on the other extreme are the ones who exhibit resilience. Resilience is broadly defined as adaptive characteristics of an individual to cope with and recover from adversity.
Understanding of the factors that promote resilience is warranted and can be obtained by interviewing and learning from particularly resilient individuals as well as empirical research. In this paper, we discuss a constellation of factors comprising cognitive, behavioral, and existential elements that have been identified as contributing to resilience in response to stress or trauma.
The psychosocial factors associated with resilience include optimism, cognitive flexibility, active coping skills, maintaining a supportive social network, attending to one's physical well-being, and embracing a personal moral compass.
These factors can be cultivated even before exposure to traumatic events, or they can be targeted in interventions for individuals recovering from trauma exposure. Currently available interventions for PTSD could be expanded to further address these psychosocial factors in an effort to promote resilience. The cognitive, behavioral, and existential components of psychosocial factors that promote individual resilience can also inform efforts to promote resilience to disaster at the community level.

个体面对压力与创伤时，存在一系列潜在的反应模式：一端表现为罹患精神障碍（如创伤后应激障碍（Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD）），另一端则展现出心理复原力（resilience）。心理复原力的广义定义为个体应对逆境并从中恢复的适应性特质。
深入探究助力心理复原力的影响因素具有重要学术价值，可通过对高复原力个体进行访谈学习，以及开展实证研究来获取相关认知。本论文将探讨一系列已被证实可助力个体应对压力或创伤、提升心理复原力的影响因素，其涵盖认知、行为与存在主义三个维度。
与心理复原力相关的社会心理因素包括乐观心态、认知灵活性、积极应对技能、维持支持性社交网络、关注自身躯体健康，以及秉持个人道德准则。
这些影响因素既可在个体遭遇创伤事件前预先培育，也可作为创伤后康复个体干预方案的针对性目标。当前针对创伤后应激障碍的现有干预手段可进一步拓展，将上述社会心理因素纳入考量范畴，以助力提升个体心理复原力。
上述助力个体心理复原力的社会心理因素所涵盖的认知、行为与存在主义维度，同样可为社区层面提升群体灾害应对复原力的工作提供参考依据。