Cost of Production of Coffee in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

The main objective of this study was to provide detail information on production costs and gross profits of coffee production under smallholder farmers. The study was conducted at four districts of Jimma zone namely Limu Kosa, Gomma, Manna and Gumay Districts. A total of 110 coffee plots from 90 coffee producing households were selected for this study. Data was categorized under five coffee growth stages and analysis was undertaken based on the stages. Stage I covers from coffee establishment stage to coffee age of one year. Stage II covers a coffee age of two and three years. Stage III covers coffee age of four to eight years. Stage IV covers a coffee age of nine to twelve years. Finally, stage V covers coffee age of greater or equals to thirteen years of age. Descriptive, gross margin, benefit-cost ratio, sensitivity, and break-even analysis was conducted to summarize the data. The result of the study showed that at stage I, seedling purchase cost is the most important cost. For the establishment of a hectare of new coffee and plant management until one year, Birr 79920.95 is needed. A single coffee tree need Birr 31.9 at this stage. At stage II, the highest cost is cost of slashing followed by watering and digging. The mean total variable cost at this stage is Birr19053.14 and the mean cost per tree is Birr 7.62. At stage III, the highest cost share goes to harvesting followed by weeding and digging. The mean per hectare total variable cost at this stage is Birr 22039.29 and the mean cost per tree is Birr 8.82. Harvesting, weeding and digging are three important cost of coffee production at stage IV. The mean total variable cost and per tree cost is Birr 18247.00 and Birr 7.3, respectively. The highest cost at stage V goes to harvesting and digging. The mean total variable cost at this stage is Birr 19843.27 and the mean per tree cost is Birr 7.94. The overall mean cost of coffee production per year per hectare of land was Birr 24696.53. The maximum clean coffee yield per hectare was observed at stage III (867.05 kg/ha). Gross Margin is negative at stage I and stage II, and it is positive and peak at stage IV. The highest benefit-cost ratio was observed at stage IV (2.01) followed by stage III (1.67). The overall gross margin was Birr 3156.40 and the benefit-cost ratio was 1.13. The study realized that high cost of production at all stages has jeopardized the gross margin. Therefore, encourage utilization of improved coffee seeds and seedlings to boost the gross return and cost minimization through utilization of different creative and innovative ideas such as machines are crucial to increase the gross margin.

本研究的核心目标是为小农户经营模式下的咖啡生产成本与总利润提供详实的调研数据。本次研究选取埃塞俄比亚吉马区（Jimma zone）下属的利穆科萨（Limu Kosa）、戈马（Gomma）、曼纳（Manna）及古马伊（Gumay）四个县作为调研区域，共招募90户咖啡种植户，获取其110块咖啡种植地块的相关数据。
本研究将数据按五个咖啡生长阶段进行分类，并基于各阶段开展对应分析：阶段I涵盖咖啡定植至树龄满1年的周期；阶段II涵盖树龄2至3年的咖啡种植阶段；阶段III涵盖树龄4至8年的咖啡种植阶段；阶段IV涵盖树龄9至12年的咖啡种植阶段；阶段V涵盖树龄13年及以上的咖啡种植阶段。
本研究采用描述性分析（descriptive analysis）、总边际利润（gross margin）核算、效益成本比（benefit-cost ratio）测算、敏感性分析（sensitivity analysis）及盈亏平衡分析（break-even analysis）对数据进行汇总处理。
研究结果显示：阶段I的最主要支出项为种苗采购成本。完成1公顷新咖啡田的定植及1年内的植株管理，总计需投入埃塞俄比亚比尔（Birr）79920.95；单株咖啡树在该阶段的投入成本为31.9埃塞俄比亚比尔。阶段II中，最高支出项为杂灌割除成本，其次为浇水与翻耕成本；该阶段的平均总可变成本为19053.14埃塞俄比亚比尔，单株平均成本为7.62埃塞俄比亚比尔。阶段III中，成本占比最高的为采收成本，其次为除草与翻耕成本；该阶段每公顷平均总可变成本为22039.29埃塞俄比亚比尔，单株平均成本为8.82埃塞俄比亚比尔。阶段IV的咖啡生产核心成本为采收、除草与翻耕；该阶段平均总可变成本与单株平均成本分别为18247.00埃塞俄比亚比尔与7.30埃塞俄比亚比尔。阶段V的最高支出项为采收与翻耕成本；该阶段平均总可变成本为19843.27埃塞俄比亚比尔，单株平均成本为7.94埃塞俄比亚比尔。
咖啡种植全周期的年平均单位公顷生产成本为24696.53埃塞俄比亚比尔。阶段III的单位公顷清洁咖啡最高产量为867.05千克/公顷。阶段I与阶段II的总边际利润为负值，阶段IV的总边际利润为正值且达到峰值；最高效益成本比出现在阶段IV（2.01），其次为阶段III（1.67）。本次研究的整体平均总边际利润为3156.40埃塞俄比亚比尔，综合效益成本比为1.13。
研究表明，各生长阶段的高生产成本均对总边际利润造成了不利影响。因此，推广改良型咖啡种苗以提升总收益，并通过引入机械等各类创意创新方案实现成本管控，对于提升总边际利润具有关键意义。