Anaphora and subordination in Karitiana

Abstract This paper describes the behavior of the anaphoric element ta- in Karitiana (Arikém branch, Tupian family) showing that it is a third person anaphor which must be bound (c-commanded and coindexed) by an antecedent in the same sentence. ta- may occur as a possessor clitic attached to a nominal, or as a subject or object clitic attached to a verb. We show with elicited and spontaneous data that the Karitiana anaphor is subject oriented when occurring in embedded environments, being able to refer to the subject of the matrix clause or to the subject of an embedded clause in cases of multiple embedding. We analyze this lexical item as a medium-distance anaphor, following the definition of Reuland and Koster (1991). Logophoric uses of the ta- anaphor are also exemplified and briefly discussed.

摘要 本文考察了卡里蒂亚纳语（图皮语族（Tupian family）阿里肯语支（Arikém branch））中的照应成分ta-，证实其为第三人称照应语，且必须由同一句内的先行语实施约束，需满足成分统制（c-command）与共标（coindexed）条件。ta-可作为附着于名词的领属黏着语素，或作为附着于动词的主语黏着语素、宾语黏着语素。本文通过诱发语料与自发语料论证，该卡里蒂亚纳语照应语在嵌入式语境中呈现主语指向特性，在多层嵌套语境下可指代主句主语或嵌入式从句主语。本文遵循吕兰德与科斯特（Reuland and Koster, 1991）的定义，将该词项分析为中距照应语。文中还举例并简要探讨了ta-照应语的转述照应用法。