Proportion of students at the end of lower secondary education achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in mathematics, adjusted native parity index (NPIA)

The Adjusted Native Parity Index (NPIA) is calculated by dividing the immigrant value for the indicator by the non-immigrant value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted native parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted NPI equal to 1 indicates parity between immigrants and non-immigrants. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of non-immigrants and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of immigrants.

调整后本土均等指数（Adjusted Native Parity Index，NPIA）的计算方法为：将目标指标的移民组数值除以非移民组数值。若计算得到的数值大于1，则将该比值取倒数后用2减去该倒数。该指数以1为对称轴，取值范围介于0至2之间。当调整后本土均等指数取值为1时，代表移民与非移民群体的目标指标数值完全均等。总体而言，指数取值小于1表示存在偏向非移民群体的指标差异，取值大于1则表示存在偏向移民群体的指标差异。