Data from: Empirical evidence for species-specific export of fish naïveté from a no-take marine protected area in a coastal recreational hook and line fishery

No-take marine protected areas (MPAs) are assumed to enhance fisheries catch via the “spillover” effect, where biomass is exported to adjacent exploited areas. Recent studies in spearfishing fisheries suggest that the spillover of gear-naïve individuals from protected to unprotected sites increases catch rates outside the boundaries of MPAs. Whether this is a widespread phenomenon that also holds for other gear types and species is unknown. In this study, we tested if the distance to a Mediterranean MPA predicted the degree of vulnerability to hook and line in four small-bodied coastal fish species. With the assistance of underwater video recording, we investigated the interaction effect of the distance to the boundary of an MPA and species type relative to the latency time to ingest a natural bait, which was considered as a surrogate of fish naïveté or vulnerability to fishing. Vulnerability to angling increased (i.e., latency time decreased) within and near the boundary of an MPA for an intrinsically highly catchable species (Serranus scriba), while it remained constant for an intrinsically uncatchable control species (Chromis chromis). While all of the individuals of S. scriba observed within the MPA and surrounding areas were in essence captured by angling gear, only one fifth of individuals in the far locations were captured. This supports the potential for the spillover of gear-naïve and consequently more vulnerable fish from no-take MPAs. Two other species initially characterized as intermediately catchable (Coris julis and Diplodus annularis) also had a shorter latency time in the vicinity of an MPA, but for these two cases the trend was not statistically significant. Overall, our results suggest that an MPA-induced naïveté effect may not be universal and may be confined to only intrinsically highly catchable fish species. This fact emphasizes the importance of considering the behavioural dimension when predicting the outcomes of MPAs, otherwise the effective contribution may be smaller than predicted for certain highly catchable species such as S. scriba.

禁捕海洋保护区（No-take Marine Protected Areas, MPAs）通常被认为可通过"溢出效应（spillover effect）"提升渔业捕捞量，即保护区内的生物量会向相邻的受捕捞区域扩散。近期针对矛钓渔业的研究表明，从保护区向未保护区域扩散的、对渔具陌生的个体，会提升MPA边界外的捕捞效率。但这一现象是否具有普适性，即是否适用于其他渔具类型与鱼类物种，目前尚不明确。本研究针对4种小型沿岸鱼类，探究了其距离地中海MPA的远近是否能预测其对手钓钓具（hook and line）的易被捕捞程度。本研究借助水下视频录制技术，以鱼类吞食天然诱饵的潜伏期作为其对渔具陌生程度或捕捞易感性的替代指标，探究了距离MPA边界的远近与鱼类物种类型二者的交互效应对该潜伏期的影响。对于天生易被捕捞的物种（Serranus scriba），在MPA内部及边界附近，其对垂钓的易感性提升（即吞食诱饵的潜伏期缩短）；而对于天生难以被捕捞的对照物种（Chromis chromis），该指标则保持稳定。在MPA内部及周边区域观测到的所有S. scriba个体，本质上均可通过垂钓钓具捕获；而在较远区域，仅有五分之一的个体被成功捕获。这印证了禁捕MPA内的、对渔具陌生因而更易被捕捞的鱼类存在向外扩散的可能性。另外两种最初被归类为中等易被捕捞的物种（Coris julis与Diplodus annularis），在MPA附近的吞食诱饵潜伏期也更短，但这两种的趋势未达到统计学显著性水平。综合来看，本研究结果表明，MPA诱导的"渔具陌生效应"并非普适现象，可能仅适用于天生易被捕捞的鱼类物种。这一结论强调了在预测MPA的实施效果时，考量行为维度的重要性；否则，对于S. scriba这类易被捕捞物种而言，其实际贡献可能低于预期。